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[size=150][b]Tao Qian - 陶謙[/b][/size]
[size=150][b]Tao Qian - 陶謙[/b][/size]
Tao Qian, styled Gongzu, was from Danyang.(1) When he was young, he was fond of studying and became a scholar. He served his home province and commandery, was nominated as Flourishing in Talent, became Prefect of Lu.(2) He was promoted to Inspector of You Province and became Gentleman Consultant. Later, he became involved in military affairs for General of Chariots and Cavalry; Zhang Wen. They went west to suppress Han Sui.(3) It happened that the Yellow Turbans of Xu province rebelled. [Tao] Qian was made Inspector of Xu Province, attacked the Yellow Turbans, and routed them.
Tao Qian, styled Gongzu, was from Danyang.(1) When he was young, he was fond of studying and became a scholar. He served his home province and commandery, was nominated as Flourishing in Talent, became Prefect of Lu.(2) He was promoted to Inspector of You Province and became Gentleman Consultant. Later, he became involved in military affairs for General of Chariots and Cavalry; Zhang Wen. They went west to suppress Han Sui.(3) It happened that the Yellow Turbans of Xu province rebelled. [Tao] Qian was made Inspector of Xu Province, attacked the Yellow Turbans, and routed them.
陶謙字恭祖，丹楊人。(1)少好學，為諸生，仕州郡，舉茂才，除盧令，(2)遷幽州剌史，徵拜議郎，參車騎將軍張溫軍事，西討韓遂。(3)會徐州黃巾起，以謙為徐州剌史，擊黃巾，破走之。
陶謙字恭祖，丹楊人。(1)少好學，為諸生，仕州郡，舉茂才，除盧令，(2)遷幽州剌史，徵拜議郎，參車騎將軍張溫軍事，西討韓遂。(3)會徐州黃巾起，以謙為徐州剌史，擊黃巾，破走之。
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: The father of [Tao] Qian was a former Chief of Yuyao. [Tao] Qian was young when he became fatherless. He initially became known within the county for being unrestrained. When he was fourteen, he still sewed silk to make banners, rode bamboo horses, and played. Every village boy all followed him. A former Grand Administrator of Cangwu, a Lord Gan, encountered him on the road. When he saw his facial features, he was awed, and so called to him. They went to the chariot to talk, and he [Lord Gan] was so very pleased that he betrothed his daughter. When the wife of Lord Gan heard this, she angrily said, "I heard that this boy of the Tao family is immature and without restraint. Why would you have our daughter betrothed to him?" The Lord said, "He has extraordinary features. Once he matures, he shall have great achievements." Thereupon, the marriage happened.
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: The father of [Tao] Qian was a former Chief of Yuyao. [Tao] Qian was young when he became fatherless. He initially became known within the county for being unrestrained. When he was fourteen, he still sewed silk to make banners, rode bamboo horses, and played. Every village boy all followed him. A former Grand Administrator of Cangwu, a Lord Gan of the same county, encountered him on the road. When he saw his facial features, he was awed, and so called to him. They went to the chariot to talk, and he [Lord Gan] was so very pleased that he betrothed his daughter. When the wife of Lord Gan heard this, she angrily said, "I heard that this boy of the Tao family is immature and without restraint. Why would you have our daughter betrothed to him?" The Lord said, "He has extraordinary features. Once he matures, he shall have great achievements." Thereupon, the marriage happened.
《吳書》曰：謙父，故餘姚長。謙少孤，始以不羈聞於縣中。年十四，猶綴帛為幡，乘竹馬而戲，邑中兒僮皆隨之。故蒼梧太守同縣甘公出遇之塗，見其容貌，異而呼之，住車與語，甚恱，因許妻以女。甘公夫人聞之，怒曰：「妾聞陶家兒敖戲無度，如何以女許之？」公曰：「彼有奇表，長必大成。」遂妻之。
《吳書》曰：謙父，故餘姚長。謙少孤，始以不羈聞於縣中。年十四，猶綴帛為幡，乘竹馬而戲，邑中兒僮皆隨之。故蒼梧太守同縣甘公出遇之塗，見其容貌，異而呼之，住車與語，甚恱，因許妻以女。甘公夫人聞之，怒曰：「妾聞陶家兒敖戲無度，如何以女許之？」公曰：「彼有奇表，長必大成。」遂妻之。
(2): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: [Tao] Qian by nature was firm and upright. He had great moral integrity. He was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and conferred as Gentleman of the Secretariat, then promoted to Prefect of Shu. The commandery administrator, Zhang Pan, was of the same commandery as his ancestors. As he [Zhang Pan] was friends with the father of [Tao] Qian, he was especially intimate with him, but [Tao] Qian was ashamed to deign himself for him. When he [Tao Qian] and many others returned to the city, due to public business, he met him. When they were done sitting, [Zhang] Pan often secretly returned and feasted with [Tao] Qian, who occasionally refused and did not stay. He often urged [Tao] Qian to dance, but [Tao] Qian did not rise, so he firmly forced him. When he [Tao Qian] was dancing, he also did not spin. [Zhang] Pan said, "Is it inappropriate to spin?" [The reply], "I cannot spin, for if I spun, I would surpass others." From this, he became unhappy and they eventually became enemies, but as [Tao] Qian was pure in his rank, there was nothing to use to impeach him for. When he sacrificed to the Spirit Star, he had over five hundred cash, so he [Zhang Pan] wanted to use [the excuse of] accepting bribes against him. [Tao] Qian abandoned his office and left.
(2): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: [Tao] Qian by nature was firm and upright. He had great moral integrity. He was recommended as Filial and Incorrupt and conferred as Gentleman of the Secretariat, then promoted to Prefect of Shu. The commandery administrator, Zhang Pan, was of the same commandery as his ancestors. As he [Zhang Pan] was friends with the father of [Tao] Qian, he was especially intimate with him, but [Tao] Qian was ashamed to deign himself for him. When he [Tao Qian] and many others returned to the city, due to public business, he met him. When they were done sitting, [Zhang] Pan often secretly returned and feasted with [Tao] Qian, who occasionally refused and did not stay. He often urged [Tao] Qian to dance, but [Tao] Qian did not rise, so he firmly forced him. When he [Tao Qian] was dancing, he also did not spin. [Zhang] Pan said, "Is it inappropriate to spin?" [The reply], "I cannot spin, for if I spun, I would surpass others." From this, he became unhappy and they eventually became enemies, but as [Tao] Qian was pure in his rank, there was nothing to use to impeach him for. When he sacrificed to the Spirit Star, he had over five hundred cash, so he [Zhang Pan] wanted to use [the excuse of] accepting bribes against him. [Tao] Qian abandoned his office and left.
《吳書》曰：謙性剛直，有大節，少察孝廉，拜尚書郎，除舒令。郡守張磐，同郡先輩，與謙父友意殊親之，而謙恥為之屈。與衆還城，因以公事進見，坐罷，磐常私還入，與謙飲宴，或拒不為留。常以舞屬謙，謙不為起，固彊之；及舞，又不轉。磐曰：「不當轉邪？」曰：「不可轉，轉則勝人。」由是不樂，卒以搆隙。謙在官清白，無以糾舉，祠靈星，有贏錢五百，欲以贓之。謙委官而去。
《吳書》曰：謙性剛直，有大節，少察孝廉，拜尚書郎，除舒令。郡守張磐，同郡先輩，與謙父友意殊親之，而謙恥為之屈。與衆還城，因以公事進見，坐罷，磐常私還入，與謙飲宴，或拒不為留。常以舞屬謙，謙不為起，固彊之；及舞，又不轉。磐曰：「不當轉邪？」曰：「不可轉，轉則勝人。」由是不樂，卒以搆隙。謙在官清白，無以糾舉，祠靈星，有贏錢五百，欲以贓之。謙委官而去。
(3): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: It happened that the Western Qiang were invading the border, so Huangfu Song was made General who Conquers the West. He petitioned, asking for military generals. [Tao] Qian was thus conferred as Commandant who Displays Might, and he and [Huangfu] Song went on an expedition against the Qiang, crushing them. Later, Bian Zhang and Han Sui caused turmoil, so Excellency of Works; Zhang Wen accepted orders to conquer them. He also asked that [Tao] Qian serve as Military Aide, but though his reception was very generous, [Tao] Qian belittled his conduct and felt defiant within. When the army was relieved and returned, the officials were in a large meeting. [Zhang] Wen urged [Tao] Qian to pour wine, but [Tao] Qian publicly shamed [Zhang] Wen. [Zhang] Wen was furious and exiled [Tao] Qian to the border. Someone told [Zhang] Wen, "Tao Gongzu originally was important to you because of his talent and strategic ability, yet due to a mistake while intoxicated one day, he does not receive forgiveness. He would abandon the far in a fertile place while his generosity and virtue has no end. He is looked up to by people from all four sides! Better to let go of your resentment and be able to restore your past relationship. Thus, the distant will hear of your admirable virtue." [Zhang] Wen agreed with such words, thus he recalled [Tao] Qian. When [Tao] Qian arrived, someone also told [Tao] Qian, "You belittled one of the Excellencies. Such a crime is of your doing. Now you have received forgiveness, such virtue is vastly generous. You should lower your ambitions and speak humbly so as to apologize to him. [Tao] Qian said, "Yes." They also told [Zhang] Wen, "Tao Gongzu has now deeply held himself accountable and thinks about reformation. He has apologized to the Son of Heaven for the conclusion of the ceremony, so he will surely go to your residence. Your Excellency, you should meet him so as to assuage him." At the time, [Zhang] Wen was at the palace gates when he met [Tao] Qian. [Tao] Qian looked up and said, "I apologized to the court, but why for you, Your Excellency?" [Zhang] Wen said, "Gongzu, has your fervor still not been rid of?" Thus, he set up wine for him and treated him like before.
(3): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: It happened that the Western Qiang were invading the border, so Huangfu Song was made General who Conquers the West. He petitioned, asking for military generals. [Tao] Qian was thus conferred as Commandant who Displays Might, and he and [Huangfu] Song went on an expedition against the Qiang, crushing them. Later, Bian Zhang and Han Sui caused turmoil, so Excellency of Works; Zhang Wen accepted orders to conquer them. He also asked that [Tao] Qian serve as Military Aide, but though his reception was very generous, [Tao] Qian belittled his conduct and felt defiant within. When the army was relieved and returned, the officials were in a large meeting. [Zhang] Wen urged [Tao] Qian to pour wine, but [Tao] Qian publicly shamed [Zhang] Wen. [Zhang] Wen was furious and exiled [Tao] Qian to the border. Someone told [Zhang] Wen, "Tao Gongzu originally was important to you because of his talent and strategic ability, yet due to a mistake while intoxicated one day, he does not receive forgiveness. By abandoning him so far in an infertile place and not showing him generosity and virtue ever, where can people from all four sides place their hopes in? Better to let go of your resentment and be able to restore your past relationship. Thus, the distant will hear of your admirable virtue." [Zhang] Wen agreed with such words, thus he recalled [Tao] Qian. When [Tao] Qian arrived, someone also told [Tao] Qian, "You belittled one of the Excellencies. Such a crime is of your doing. Now you have received forgiveness, such virtue is vastly generous. You should lower your ambitions and speak humbly so as to apologize to him. [Tao] Qian said, "Yes." They also told [Zhang] Wen, "Tao Gongzu has now deeply held himself accountable and thinks about reformation. Once he has concluded the ritual of apology to the Son of Heaven, he will surely go to your residence. Your Excellency, you should meet him so as to assuage him." At the time, [Zhang] Wen was at the palace gates when he met [Tao] Qian. [Tao] Qian looked up and said, "I apologized to the court, but why for you, Your Excellency?" [Zhang] Wen said, "Gongzu, has your fervor still not been rid of?" Thus, he set up wine for him and treated him like before.
《吳書》曰：會西羌寇邊，皇甫嵩為征西將軍，表請武將。召拜謙揚武都尉，與嵩征羌，大破之。後邊章、韓遂為亂，司空張溫銜命征討；又請謙為參軍事，接遇甚厚，而謙輕其行事，心懷不服。及軍罷還，百寮高會，溫屬謙行酒，謙衆辱溫。溫怒，徙謙於邊。或說溫曰：「陶恭祖本以材略見重於公，一朝以醉飲過失，不蒙容貸，遠棄不毛，厚德不終，四方人士安所歸望！不如釋憾除恨，克復初分，於以遠聞德美。」溫然其言，乃追還謙。謙至，或又謂謙曰：「足下輕辱三公，罪自己作，今蒙釋宥，德莫厚矣；宜降志卑辭以謝之。」謙曰：「諾。」又謂溫曰：「陶恭祖今深自罪責，思在變革。謝天子禮畢，必詣公門。公宜見之，以慰其意。」時溫於宮門見謙，謙仰曰：「謙自謝朝廷，豈為公邪？」溫曰：「恭祖癡病尚未除邪？」遂為之置酒，待之如初。[/spoiler]
《吳書》曰：會西羌寇邊，皇甫嵩為征西將軍，表請武將。召拜謙揚武都尉，與嵩征羌，大破之。後邊章、韓遂為亂，司空張溫銜命征討；又請謙為參軍事，接遇甚厚，而謙輕其行事，心懷不服。及軍罷還，百寮高會，溫屬謙行酒，謙衆辱溫。溫怒，徙謙於邊。或說溫曰：「陶恭祖本以材略見重於公，一朝以醉飲過失，不蒙容貸，遠棄不毛，厚德不終，四方人士安所歸望！不如釋憾除恨，克復初分，於以遠聞德美。」溫然其言，乃追還謙。謙至，或又謂謙曰：「足下輕辱三公，罪自己作，今蒙釋宥，德莫厚矣；宜降志卑辭以謝之。」謙曰：「諾。」又謂溫曰：「陶恭祖今深自罪責，思在變革。謝天子禮畢，必詣公門。公宜見之，以慰其意。」時溫於宮門見謙，謙仰曰：「謙自謝朝廷，豈為公邪？」溫曰：「恭祖癡病尚未除邪？」遂為之置酒，待之如初。[/spoiler]
When Dong Zhuo caused chaos, the provinces and commanderies rose up with their troops. The Son of Heaven set the capital at Chang'an, and was cut off from four sides. [Tao] Qian sent someone to go secretly so as to offer gifts and tribute. Thus, he was made General who Secures the East, Governor of Xu Province, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Liyang. At the time, the people of Xu Province were prosperous and the grain and rice were sealed off in great amounts, so many refugees joined him. However, [Tao] Qian betrayed moral values and acted to his desire. Grand Administrator of Guangling; Zhao Yu of Langye was a renowned scholar in Xu Province who was treated coldly for being loyal and candid(1) while Cao Hong, who held slanderous thoughts and was an ignoble person, was closely trusted by [Tao] Qian. Thus, criminal laws and political affairs thus lost their harmony. Many of the good and virtuous were harmed, and there was gradually chaos from this. Que Xuan of Xiapi declared himself the Son of Heaven. [Tao] Qian initially allied and plundered for money with him, but later killed [Que] Xuan and absorbed his troops.
When Dong Zhuo caused chaos, the provinces and commanderies rose up with their troops. The Son of Heaven set the capital at Chang'an, and was cut off from four sides. [Tao] Qian sent someone to go secretly so as to offer gifts and tribute. Thus, he was made General who Secures the East, Governor of Xu Province, and enfeoffed as Marquis of Liyang. At the time, the people of Xu Province were prosperous and the grain and rice were sealed off in great amounts, so many refugees joined him. However, [Tao] Qian betrayed moral values and acted to his desire. Grand Administrator of Guangling; Zhao Yu of Langye was a renowned scholar in Xu Province who was treated coldly for being loyal and candid(1) while Cao Hong and others, who held slanderous thoughts and were ignoble people, were closely trusted by [Tao] Qian. Thus, criminal laws and political affairs thus lost their harmony. Many of the good and virtuous were harmed, and there was gradually chaos from this. Que Xuan of Xiapi declared himself the Son of Heaven. [Tao] Qian initially allied and plundered for money with him, but later killed [Que] Xuan and absorbed his troops.
董卓之亂，州郡起兵，天子都長安，四方斷絕，謙遣使間行致貢獻，遷安東將軍、徐州牧，封溧陽侯。是時，徐州百姓殷盛，穀米封贍，流民多歸之。而謙背道任情：廣陵太守琅邪趙昱，徐方名士也，以忠直見疏；(1)曹宏等，讒慝小人也，謙親任之。刑政失和，良善多被其害，由是漸亂。下邳闕宣自稱天子，謙初與合從寇鈔，後遂殺宣，并其衆。
董卓之亂，州郡起兵，天子都長安，四方斷絕，謙遣使間行致貢獻，遷安東將軍、徐州牧，封溧陽侯。是時，徐州百姓殷盛，穀米封贍，流民多歸之。而謙背道任情：廣陵太守琅邪趙昱，徐方名士也，以忠直見疏；(1)曹宏等，讒慝小人也，謙親任之。刑政失和，良善多被其害，由是漸亂。下邳闕宣自稱天子，謙初與合從寇鈔，後遂殺宣，并其衆。
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Han[/i] by Xie Cheng states: When [Zhao] Yu was thirteen, his mother once became ill for three months. [Zhao] Yu felt miserable and sorrowful that he became more thin, and to the point that his eyes did not shut together. He took grain and went out with it to divine, praying while crying blood. His hometown praised his filial piety. He went to the recluse scholar Gentleman Qiguan of Dongguan to receive the [i]Commentary of Gongyang[/i] and other multifaceted studies. For many years, he hid his ambitions and did not even peep out into gardens.(a) Those close or distant to him rarely saw his face. In times where he visited his parents, it would be a short amount before he would return. He was noble, pure, incorrupt, and upright. He cherished rites to establish himself. He was pure, outstanding, majestic, and cautious. Nothing could interfere with his ambitions. He commended virtue and increased civil manners while he impeached evil and corrected vulgar manners. The provinces and commanderies invited and summoned him, but he often claimed illness and did not reply. State chancellors Tan Mo and Chen Zun both summoned him, but he did not take office. There were some that became increasingly furious, but he ultimately never changed his will. He was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and promoted to Chief of Ju. He propagated the Five Teachings(b) and his government became a national model.
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Han[/i] by Xie Cheng states: When [Zhao] Yu was thirteen, his mother once became ill for three months. [Zhao] Yu felt miserable and sorrowful that he became more thin, and to the point that his eyes did not shut together. He took grain and went out with it to divine, praying while crying blood. His hometown praised his filial piety. He went to the recluse scholar Gentleman Qiguan of Dongguan to receive the [i]Commentary of Gongyang[/i] and other multifaceted studies. For many years, he hid his ambitions and did not even peep out into gardens.(a) Those close or distant to him rarely saw his face. In times where he visited his parents, it would be a short amount before he would return. He was noble, pure, incorrupt, and upright. He cherished rites to establish himself. He was pure, outstanding, majestic, and cautious. Nothing could interfere with his ambitions. He commended virtue and increased civil manners while he impeached evil and corrected vulgar manners. The provinces and commanderies invited and summoned him, but he often claimed illness and did not reply. State chancellors Tan Mo and Chen Zun both summoned him, but he did not take office. There were some that became increasingly furious, but he ultimately never changed his will. He was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt and promoted to Chief of Ju. He propagated the Five Teachings(b) and his government became a national model.
(a) - This describes how engrossed he was in his studies.
(a) - This describes how engrossed he was in his studies.
(b) - The Five Teachings were that the father had to be righteous, the mother had to be affectionate, the older brother had to be fraternal, and younger brother had to respectful, and the son had to be filial.
(b) - The Five Teachings were that the father had to be righteous, the mother had to be affectionate, the older brother had to be fraternal, and younger brother had to respectful, and the son had to be filial.
謝承《漢書》曰：昱年十三，母嘗病，經涉三月。昱慘戚消瘠，至目不交睫，握粟出卜，祈禱泣血，鄉黨稱其孝。就處士東莞綦毌君受公羊傳，兼該羣業。至歷年潛志，不闚園圃，親疏希見其面。時入定省父母，須臾即還。高絜廉正，抱禮而立，清英儼恪，莫干其志；旌善以興化，彈邪以矯俗。州郡請召，常稱病不應。國相檀謨、陳遵比召，不起；或興盛怒，終不迴意。舉孝廉，除莒長，宣揚五教，政為國表。
謝承《漢書》曰：昱年十三，母嘗病，經涉三月。昱慘戚消瘠，至目不交睫，握粟出卜，祈禱泣血，鄉黨稱其孝。就處士東莞綦毌君受公羊傳，兼該羣業。至歷年潛志，不闚園圃，親疏希見其面。時入定省父母，須臾即還。高絜廉正，抱禮而立，清英儼恪，莫干其志；旌善以興化，彈邪以矯俗。州郡請召，常稱病不應。國相檀謨、陳遵比召，不起；或興盛怒，終不迴意。舉孝廉，除莒長，宣揚五教，政為國表。
When the Yellow Turbans caused disorder, of the five commanderies of the Luliang region, the commanderies and counties there dispatched troops, being the first to punish them. Inspector of Xu Province; Ba Zhi petitioned that his merits were the best and that he should receive a promotion and rewards. [Zhao] Yu felt deeply ashamed, so he left his office and returned to his family. When Governor of Xu Province; Tao Qian recruited him as Assisting Clerk, he claimed illness and went into hiding. [Tao] Qian again ordered Yang province clerk Wu Fan of Kuaiji to announce his orders [to Zhao Yu], and when [Zhao] Yu maintained his intentions and did not move, he wanted to use force through giving punishments. Thereafter did he [Zhao Yu] take office. He was nominated as Flourishing in Talent and promoted to Grand Administrator of Guangling. The bandit Ze Rong was suppressed from Linhuai, so he fled and entered the borders of the commandery. [Zhao] Yu led troops to block him in battle, but was defeated repeatedly and then killed.
When the Yellow Turbans caused disorder, of the five commanderies of the Luliang region, the commanderies and counties there dispatched troops, being the first to punish them. Inspector of Xu Province; Ba Zhi petitioned that his merits were the best and that he should receive a promotion and rewards. [Zhao] Yu felt deeply ashamed, so he left his office and returned to his family. When Governor of Xu Province; Tao Qian recruited him as Assisting Clerk, he claimed illness and went into hiding. [Tao] Qian again ordered Yang province clerk Wu Fan of Kuaiji to announce his orders [to Zhao Yu], and when [Zhao] Yu maintained his intentions and did not move, he wanted to intimidate him through inflicting punishments and convictions. Thereafter did he [Zhao Yu] take office. He was nominated as Flourishing in Talent and promoted to Grand Administrator of Guangling. The bandit Ze Rong was suppressed from Linhuai, so he fled and entered the borders of the commandery. [Zhao] Yu led troops to block him in battle, but was defeated repeatedly and then killed.
會黃巾作亂，陸梁五郡，郡縣發兵，以為先辦。徐州刺史巴祗表功第一，當受遷賞，昱深以為恥，委官還家。徐州牧陶謙初辟別駕從事，辭疾遜遁。謙重令楊州從事會稽吳範宣旨，昱守意不移；欲威以刑罰，然後乃起。舉茂才，遷廣陵太守。賊笮融從臨淮見討，迸入郡界，昱將兵拒戰，敗績，見害。[/spoiler]
會黃巾作亂，陸梁五郡，郡縣發兵，以為先辦。徐州刺史巴祗表功第一，當受遷賞，昱深以為恥，委官還家。徐州牧陶謙初辟別駕從事，辭疾遜遁。謙重令楊州從事會稽吳範宣旨，昱守意不移；欲威以刑罰，然後乃起。舉茂才，遷廣陵太守。賊笮融從臨淮見討，迸入郡界，昱將兵拒戰，敗績，見害。[/spoiler]
In the fourth year of the Chuping era [193], the Grand Progenitor went on an expedition against [Tao] Qian, attacking and capturing over ten cities. He arrived at Pengcheng and engaged in a great battle where the troops of [Tao] Qian were routed. The dead numbered in the tens of thousands that the Si river could not flow from it. [Tao] Qian retreated and guarded Shan. The Grand Progenitor, as his supplies were low, led his army to return.(1) In the first year of the Xingping era [194], [the Grand Progenitor] went east in another expedition, seizing the various counties in Langya and Donghai. [Tao] Qian felt fearful, and he wanted to flee and join Danyang. At the time, Zhang Miao revolted in favor of Lü Bu, so the Grand Progenitor returned to attack [Lü] Bu. That year, [Tao] Qian became ill and died.(2)
In the fourth year of the Chuping era [193], the Grand Progenitor went on an expedition against [Tao] Qian, attacking and capturing over ten cities. He arrived at Pengcheng and engaged in a great battle where the troops of [Tao] Qian were routed. The dead numbered in the tens of thousands that the Si river could not flow from it. [Tao] Qian retreated and guarded Shan. The Grand Progenitor, as his supplies were low, led his army to return.(1) In the first year of the Xingping era [194], [the Grand Progenitor] went east in another expedition, seizing the various counties in Langya and Donghai. [Tao] Qian felt fearful, and he wanted to flee back to Danyang. At the time, Zhang Miao revolted in favor of Lü Bu, so the Grand Progenitor returned to attack [Lü] Bu. That year, [Tao] Qian became ill and died.(2)
初平四年，太祖征謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城大戰。謙兵敗走，死者萬數，泗水為之不流。謙退守剡。太祖以糧少引軍還。(1)興平元年，復東征，略定琅邪、東海諸縣。謙恐，欲走歸丹楊。會張邈叛迎呂布，太祖還擊布。是歲，謙病死。(2)
初平四年，太祖征謙，攻拔十餘城，至彭城大戰。謙兵敗走，死者萬數，泗水為之不流。謙退守剡。太祖以糧少引軍還。(1)興平元年，復東征，略定琅邪、東海諸縣。謙恐，欲走歸丹楊。會張邈叛迎呂布，太祖還擊布。是歲，謙病死。(2)
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: The father of Excellency Cao was killed in Taishan, so he put the blame on [Tao] Qian. He wanted to attack [Tao] Qian, but feared his strength, so he petitioned to order provinces and commanderies to suddenly disband their troops.
[spoiler=](1): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: The father of Excellency Cao was killed in Taishan, so he put the blame on [Tao] Qian. He wanted to attack [Tao] Qian, but feared his strength, so he petitioned to order provinces and commanderies to suddenly disband their troops.
An edict stated, "Currently, those within the Sea are in chaos, and provinces along with commanderies have risen up. Soldiers are exhausted, but the hardships have not been put to an end. Some generals and officials are not good and depend on the opportunity to hunt and capture [villains] in order to encroach and bully the common people. Those that have been displaced and harmed are numerous, and such rumors that are being spread cause cities and towns to shake. The countryside fears the arrogant and violent while the loyal and good become evildoers. How is this different than holding firewood to put out the fire or fanning the fire to stop boiling water?
An edict stated, "Currently, those within the Sea are in chaos, and provinces along with commanderies have risen up. Soldiers are exhausted, but the hardships have not been put to an end. Some generals and officials are not good and depend on the opportunity to hunt and capture [villains] in order to encroach and bully the common people. Those that have been displaced and harmed are numerous, and such rumors that are being spread cause cities and towns to shake. The countryside fears the arrogant and violent while the loyal and good become evildoers. How is this different than holding firewood to put out the fire or fanning the fire to stop boiling water?
Now that the four classes of people are being displaced, they settle in foreign territory, having to lead and support their elders into the hills and fields while leaving behind their young children in deep ravines. They look at their former hometown and sigh with grief; they look at the field paths and cry tears. They are hungry, in distress, and miserable. That, too, is already too dire.
Now that the four classes of people are being displaced, they settle in foreign territory, having to lead and support their elders into the hills and fields while leaving behind their young children in deep ravines. They look at their former hometown and sigh with grief; they look at the field paths and cry tears. They are hungry, in distress, and miserable. That, too, is already too dire. But although they regret their past mistakes and think about obeying guiding authority, war is continuous and troops come one after another so much so that blades and arrowheads are scattered about in the fields. They fear that if they disperse in the morning, they will become bound prisoners by the evening, and this is why they rely on their troops to guard themselves. They want to stop, but they dare not disperse.
Although I regret the mistakes of past people, I think about carrying out guidance today. However, war is continuous and troops come one after another so much so that sharp weapons shown in the fields. They fear that if they disperse in the morning, they will become bound prisoners by the evening, and this is why they rely on their troops to guard themselves. They want to stop, but they dare not disperse.
When this edict comes, they shall each disband and send back their armored troops, then return to personally farm and do sericulture. They [the local governments] shall only retain the usual ordinary officials to provide for their administrative agencies [rather than the ones they gained during the chaos]. They shall reassure and announce this [edict] to the far and near so that all shall hear and know of it!"
When this edict comes, they shall each disband and send back their armored troops, then return to personally farm and do sericulture. They shall only retain their ordinary officials to provide for their administrative agencies. This will ease and be announced to the far and near. Everyone shall make this become known."
《吳書》曰：曹公父於泰山被殺，歸咎於謙。欲伐謙而畏其彊，乃表令州郡一時罷兵。
《吳書》曰：曹公父於泰山被殺，歸咎於謙。欲伐謙而畏其彊，乃表令州郡一時罷兵。
詔曰：「今海內擾攘，州郡起兵，征夫勞瘁，寇難未弭，或將吏不良，因緣討捕，侵侮黎民，離害者衆；風聲流聞，震蕩城邑，丘園懼於橫暴，貞良化為羣惡，此何異乎抱薪救焚，扇火止沸哉！
詔曰：「今海內擾攘，州郡起兵，征夫勞瘁，寇難未弭，或將吏不良，因緣討捕，侵侮黎民，離害者衆；風聲流聞，震蕩城邑，丘園懼於橫暴，貞良化為羣惡，此何異乎抱薪救焚，扇火止沸哉！
今四民流移，託身佗方，攜白首於山野，棄稚子於溝壑，顧故鄉而哀歎，向阡陌而流涕，饑厄困苦，亦已甚矣。
今四民流移，託身佗方，攜白首於山野，棄稚子於溝壑，顧故鄉而哀歎，向阡陌而流涕，饑厄困苦，亦已甚矣。
雖悔往者之迷謬，思奉教於今日，然兵連衆結，鋒鏑布野，恐一朝解散，夕見係虜，是以阻兵屯據，欲止而不敢散也。
雖悔往者之迷謬，思奉教於今日，然兵連衆結，鋒鏑布野，恐一朝解散，夕見係虜，是以阻兵屯據，欲止而不敢散也。
詔書到，其各罷遣甲士，還親農桑，惟留常員吏以供官署，慰示遠近，咸使聞知。」
詔書到，其各罷遣甲士，還親農桑，惟留常員吏以供官署，慰示遠近，咸使聞知。」
When [Tao] Qian received the edict, he petitioned, "I have heard that in appeasing the far and placating the submissive, it cannot be accomplished without virtue, and that in overcoming danger and pacifying disorder, it cannot be achieved without troops. Thus, the fields of Zhuolu, Banquan, and Sanmiao had the armies of the Five Emperors [who triumphed] while the four states of Youhu, Guifang, Shang [dynasty], and Yan had the conquests of kings [who triumphed]. In the past since ancient times, there has never been someone who did not display power to end chaos or did not quake with might to stop violence. I previously, due to the Yellow Turbans bringing chaos to order, received orders to advance quickly, and there was no free time to rest. Although these documents have warnings, I received and announced your divine power, and I respectfully undertake heavenly punishment. In every conquest, I succeed, but these sorts of evildoers especially do not fear death. When fathers and older brothers are exterminated, their sons and younger brothers rise up, punishing army camps and fighting in battle. Even now, they are a menace.
When [Tao] Qian received the edict, he petitioned, "I have heard that in appeasing the far and placating the submissive, it cannot be accomplished without virtue, and that in overcoming danger and pacifying disorder, it cannot be achieved without troops. Thus, the fields of Zhuolu, Banquan, and Sanmiao had armies of the Five Emperors [triumph over them] while the four states of Youhu, Guifang, Shang [dynasty], and Yan had attacks from kings [triumph over them]. In the past since ancient times, there has never been someone who did not display power to end chaos or did not quake with might to stop violence. I previously, due to the Yellow Turbans bringing chaos to order, received orders to advance quickly, and there was no free time to rest.
Even though I have followed the law and delivered warnings, made my divine power known, reverently carry out heavenly punishment, and succeed in every conquest, these mystic evildoers are numerous and especially do not dread death. Where fathers and older brothers are exterminated, their sons and younger brothers rise up, forming camps and linking armies up. Even now, they are a menace.
If I accepted the orders to put away my armor, I would be situated in a weak nation. Renouncing military equipment will support the chaos while weakening government power will increase raids. Now if my army is disbanded today, trouble will surely arrive tomorrow. Above, this would humiliate the foundation of imperial conferments by the imperial court while below, this would cause evildoers to grow each day. This is not how to strengthen the trunk and weaken the branches(a) in the task of checking evil and stopping chaos.
If I accepted the orders to put away my armor, I would be situated in a weak nation. Renouncing military equipment will support the chaos while weakening government power will increase raids. Now if my army is disbanded today, trouble will surely arrive tomorrow. Above, this would humiliate the foundation of imperial conferments by the imperial court while below, this would cause evildoers to grow each day. This is not how to strengthen the trunk and weaken the branches(a) in the task of checking evil and stopping chaos.
I, as foolish and bewildered as I may be, have loyalty and empathy that has not been displayed. When I think about your kindness, I think about repaying it. This is an action I cannot hold back on. Therefore, I led my subordinates and ordered them to be on guard. When I leave, I mow down strong adversaries, and only my ability is what I see; when I enter, I spread your virtue and grace so as to undertake my official duties. I hope to render even minor achievements for the duty of atoning my crimes.
Foolish and bewildered though I may be, my patriotism and my empathy have not been demonstrated, so even though I think about your kindness and think about repaying it, that is something I cannot bear to do. Therefore, in supervising my subordinates, I ordered them to be vigilant and make preparations. When I march out, I shall mow down strong adversaries, making no other consideration than force; when I go back in, I shall spread your virtue and grace, upholding my official duties. I hope to render even minor achievements for the duty of atoning my crimes.
(a) - An idiom for centralizing imperial power while weakening the vassals.
(a) - An idiom for centralizing imperial power while weakening the vassals.
謙被詔，乃上書曰：「臣聞懷遠柔服，非德不集；克難平亂，非兵不濟。是以涿鹿、版泉、三苗之野有五帝之師，有扈、鬼方、商、奄四國有王者之伐，自古在昔，未有不揚威以弭亂，震武以止暴者也。臣前初以黃巾亂治，受策長驅，匪遑啟處。雖憲章勑戒，奉宣威靈，敬行天誅，每伐輒克，然妖寇類衆，殊不畏死，父兄殲殪，子弟羣起，治屯連兵，至今為患。
謙被詔，乃上書曰：「臣聞懷遠柔服，非德不集；克難平亂，非兵不濟。是以涿鹿、版泉、三苗之野有五帝之師，有扈、鬼方、商、奄四國有王者之伐，自古在昔，未有不揚威以弭亂，震武以止暴者也。臣前初以黃巾亂治，受策長驅，匪遑啟處。
雖憲章勑戒，奉宣威靈，敬行天誅，每伐輒克，然妖寇類衆，殊不畏死，父兄殲殪，子弟羣起，治屯連兵，至今為患。
若承命解甲，弱國自虛，釋武備以資亂，損官威以益寇，今日兵罷，明日難必至，上忝朝廷寵授之本，下令羣凶日月滋蔓，非所以彊幹弱枝遏惡止亂之務也。
若承命解甲，弱國自虛，釋武備以資亂，損官威以益寇，今日兵罷，明日難必至，上忝朝廷寵授之本，下令羣凶日月滋蔓，非所以彊幹弱枝遏惡止亂之務也。
臣雖愚蔽，忠恕不昭，抱恩念報，所不忍行。輒勒部曲，申令警備。出芟彊寇，惟力是視，入宣德澤，躬奉職事，冀效微勞，以贖罪負。」
臣雖愚蔽，忠恕不昭，抱恩念報，所不忍行。輒勒部曲，申令警備。出芟彊寇，惟力是視，入宣德澤，躬奉職事，冀效微勞，以贖罪負。」
He also said, "The central plains are in chaos and it has not ended even now. Bundles of thatch(a) cannot enter and many obligatory offerings [from your vassals] are often obstructed. In waking or sleeping, I sigh with worry and there is no day I dare feel at ease. I sincerely believe that the offerings and gifts must come to you. After delicious food is delivered, only then will I remove my spears and take off my armor. This is my desire. I previously sent one million [i]hu[/i] of grain, which are already at the wharves. I shall then task my troops to guard and escort it."
He also said, "The central plains are in deep turmoil and it has not ended even now. Bundles of thatch(a) cannot enter [the court] and the obligatory offerings [from your vassals] are often inadequate. Thus, in waking or sleeping, I sigh with worry and there is no day I dare rest. I sincerely believe that if my offerings and gifts would certainly come to you and if my recommendations and offerings can be delivered, only then will I remove my spears and take off my armor. This is my desire. I previously sent one million [i]hu[/i] of grain, which are already at the wharves. I shall then task my troops to safeguard and escort it."
(a) - This refers generally to the tribute paid by vassals.
(a) - This refers generally to the tribute paid by vassals.
又曰：「華夏沸擾，於今未弭，包茅不入，職貢多闕，寤寐憂歎，無日敢寧。誠思貢獻必至，薦羞獲通，然後銷鋒解甲，臣之願也。臣前調穀百萬斛，已在水次，輒敕兵衞送。」
又曰：「華夏沸擾，於今未弭，包茅不入，職貢多闕，寤寐憂歎，無日敢寧。誠思貢獻必至，薦羞獲通，然後銷鋒解甲，臣之願也。臣前調穀百萬斛，已在水次，輒敕兵衞送。」
Excellency Cao obtained the petition of [Tao] Qian and knew he would not disband his troops. Therefore, he advanced and attacked Pengcheng, often killing people. [Tao] Qian led troops to attack him and Inspector of Qing Province; Tian Kai also reinforced [Tao] Qian with troops. The Excellency led his army back.
Excellency Cao obtained the petition of [Tao] Qian and knew he would not disband his troops. Therefore, he advanced and attacked Pengcheng, often killing people. [Tao] Qian led troops to attack him and Inspector of Qing Province; Tian Kai also reinforced [Tao] Qian with troops. The Excellency led his army back.
曹公得謙上事，知不罷兵。乃進攻彭城，多殺人民。謙引兵擊之，青州刺史田楷亦以兵救謙。公引兵還。
曹公得謙上事，知不罷兵。乃進攻彭城，多殺人民。謙引兵擊之，青州刺史田楷亦以兵救謙。公引兵還。
Your servant, [Pei] Songzhi, would propose that: At this time, the Son of Heaven was in Chang'an and Excellency Cao had not yet wielded government power. The edict disbanding troops could not have come from the Cao clan.
Your servant, [Pei] Songzhi, would propose that: At this time, the Son of Heaven was in Chang'an and Excellency Cao had not yet wielded government power. The edict disbanding troops could not have come from the Cao clan.
臣松之案：此時天子在長安，曹公尚未秉政。罷兵之詔，不得由曹氏出。
臣松之案：此時天子在長安，曹公尚未秉政。罷兵之詔，不得由曹氏出。
(2): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: When [Tao] Qian died, he was sixty-three. Zhang Zhao and others composed a lament for him: "Oh, praised be the governor! You who was a marquis and a general preserved admirable virtue in your chest! Verily did you have martial ability, verily did you have civil ability! Your demeanor was satisfactorily firm and upright, and you guarded himself through being gentle and benevolent. When you administered Shu and Lu, you left behind your affection to the people; when you governed You and Xu, the sweet trees was for all. Enlightened were barbarians, for they relied on your marquis being incorrupt; squirming were evil attackers, for it was not you that was uneased. The Emperor remembered these merits, and so you received peerage and rank through seals. Thus you became governor and marquis, and also gained ground in Liyang; thus you ascended to become a superior general, receiving the title of [General who] Secures the East. You were going to pacify the troubles of the world that the Altars of State would be honored so, but your allocated years were not eternal and you suddenly passed on. Losing their shelter and losing whom they rely upon, the people know that they are in hardship. It had still not been ten days when the five commanderies have collapsed. Lamenting are us at such, and who shall we look up to and rely upon? Our thoughts cannot reach you, but we will still gaze up and shout to the august sky! Oh, how lamentable this is!" [Tao] Qian had two sons, [Tao] Shang and [Tao] Ying, both of whom did not serve.
(2): The [i]Book of Wu[/i] states: When [Tao] Qian died, he was sixty-three. Zhang Zhao and others composed a lament for him: "Oh, praised be the governor! You who was a marquis and a general preserved admirable virtue in your chest! Verily did you have martial ability, verily did you have civil ability! Your demeanor was satisfactorily firm and upright, and you guarded himself through being gentle and benevolent. When you administered Shu and Lu, you left behind your affection to the people; when you governed You and Xu, the sweet trees was for all. Enlightened were many barbarians, for they relied on your marquis being incorrupt. Those benighted mystics would have never been quelled were it not for you. The Emperor remembered these merits, and so you received peerage and rank through seals. Thus you became governor and marquis, also gaining a domain in Liyang; thus you ascended to become a superior general, receiving the title of [General who] Secures the East. You were going to pacify the troubles of the world that the Altars of State would be honored so, but your allocated years were not eternal and you suddenly passed on. Losing their shelter and losing whom they rely upon, the people know that they are in hardship. In no more than ten days, your five commanderies will collapse! Lamenting are us at such, and who shall we look up to and rely upon? Our thoughts cannot reach you, but we will still gaze up and shout to the august sky! Oh, how lamentable this is!" [Tao] Qian had two sons, [Tao] Shang and [Tao] Ying, both of whom did not serve.
《吳書》曰：謙死時，年六十三，張昭等為之哀辭曰：「猗歟使君，君侯將軍，膺秉懿德，允武允文，體足剛直，令舒及盧，遺愛於民；牧幽暨徐，甘棠是均。憬憬夷貊，賴侯以清；蠢蠢妖寇，匪侯不寧。唯帝念績，爵命以章，旣牧且侯，啟土溧陽。遂升上將，受號安東，將平世難，社稷是崇。降年不永，奄忽殂薨，喪覆失恃，民知困窮。曾不旬日，五郡潰崩，哀我人斯，將誰仰憑？追思靡及，仰叫皇穹。嗚呼哀哉！」謙二子：商、應，皆不仕。[/spoiler]
《吳書》曰：謙死時，年六十三，張昭等為之哀辭曰：「猗歟使君，君侯將軍，膺秉懿德，允武允文，體足剛直，令舒及盧，遺愛於民；牧幽暨徐，甘棠是均。憬憬夷貊，賴侯以清；蠢蠢妖寇，匪侯不寧。唯帝念績，爵命以章，旣牧且侯，啟土溧陽。遂升上將，受號安東，將平世難，社稷是崇。降年不永，奄忽殂薨，喪覆失恃，民知困窮。曾不旬日，五郡潰崩，哀我人斯，將誰仰憑？追思靡及，仰叫皇穹。嗚呼哀哉！」謙二子：商、應，皆不仕。[/spoiler]