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Web Storage

Web Storage (Second Edition)

Editor's Draft 14 May 2014

W3C Working Draft TBC

This Version:

TBC

Latest Published Version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/

Latest Editor's Draft:

http://dev.w3.org/html5/webstorage/

Previous Versions:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-webstorage-20130730/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-webstorage-20130409/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-webstorage-20111208/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20111025/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20110901/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20110208/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091222/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091029/

http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/

Editor:

Ian Hickson, Google, Inc.

Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.

See also translations.

The bulk of the text of this specification is also available in the WHATWG Web Applications 1.0 specification, under a license that permits reuse of the specification text.

Abstract

This specification defines an API for persistent data storage of key-value pair data in Web clients.

Status of This document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the most recently formally published revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, you can enter feedback using this form:

Feedback Comments

Please enter your feedback, carefully indicating the title of the section for which you are submitting feedback, quoting the text that's wrong today if appropriate. If you're suggesting a new feature, it's really important to say what the problem you're trying to solve is. That's more important than the solution, in fact.

Please don't use section numbers as these tend to change rapidly and make your feedback harder to understand.

(Note: Your IP address and user agent will be publicly recorded for spam prevention purposes.)

You can also e-mail feedback to public-webapps@w3.org (subscribe, archives), or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe, archives). All feedback is welcome.

Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in implementing this specification before it eventually reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage should join the aforementioned mailing lists and take part in the discussions.

The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this specification is always available on the W3C CVS server and in the WHATWG Subversion repository. The latest editor's working copy (which may contain unfinished text in the process of being prepared) contains the latest draft text of this specification (amongst others). For more details, please see the WHATWG FAQ.

The W3C Web Applications Working Group created a Test Suite for this spec and the Implementation Report for this specification.

Notifications of changes to this specification are sent along with notifications of changes to related specifications using the following mechanisms:

The following changes were made to this specification after Web Storage was published as a W3C Recommendation on 30 July 2013:

E-mail notifications of changes

The IDL of the Storage interface and the StorageEvent was updated. The getter of the Storage interface and the key of the StorageEvent are Nullable in this document;

Commit-Watchers mailing list (complete source diffs): http://lists.whatwg.org/listinfo.cgi/commit-watchers-whatwg.org

The security section in LocalStorage was removed. The original version claimed that user agents must throw a SecurityError whenever any of the members of a Storage object originally returned by the localStorage attribute are accessed by scripts whose effective script origin is not the same as the origin of the Document of the Window object on which the localStorage attribute was accessed.

Browsable version-control record of all changes:

If you wish to submit bugs regarding this document in a manner that is tracked by the W3C, please submit them via using our public bug database. You can also e-mail feedback to public-webapps@w3.org (subscribe, archives), or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe, archives). All feedback is welcome.

CVSWeb interface with side-by-side diffs: http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/html5/

Annotated summary with unified diffs: http://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker

Raw Subversion interface: svn checkout http://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/

The W3C Web Applications Working Group is the W3C working group responsible for this specification's progress along the W3C Recommendation track. This specification is the 14 May 2014 Editor's Draft.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

Issues

The use of the storage mutex to avoid race conditions is currently considered by certain implementors to be too high a performance burden, to the point where allowing data corruption is considered preferable. Alternatives that do not require a user-agent-wide per-origin script lock are eagerly sought after. If reviewers have any suggestions, they are urged to send them to the addresses given in the previous section.

More details regarding this issue are available in these e-mails (as well as numerous others):

http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2009-September/023059.html

https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-whatwg-archive/2009Sep/0009.html

http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2009-December/024277.html

https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-whatwg-archive/2009Sep/0513.html

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Conformance requirements

2.1 Dependencies

3 Terminology

4 The API

4.1 The Storage interface

4.2 The sessionStorage attribute

4.3 The localStorage attribute

4.4 The storage event

4.4.1 The StorageEvent interface

4.5 Threads

5 Disk space

6 Privacy

6.1 User tracking

6.2 Sensitivity of data

7 Security

7.1 DNS spoofing attacks

7.2 Cross-directory attacks

7.3 Implementation risks

References

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

This section is non-normative.

This specification introduces two related mechanisms, similar to HTTP session cookies, for storing name-value pairs on the client side. [COOKIES]

The first is designed for scenarios where the user is carrying out a single transaction, but could be carrying out multiple transactions in different windows at the same time.

Cookies don't really handle this case well. For example, a user could be buying plane tickets in two different windows, using the same site. If the site used cookies to keep track of which ticket the user was buying, then as the user clicked from page to page in both windows, the ticket currently being purchased would "leak" from one window to the other, potentially causing the user to buy two tickets for the same flight without really noticing.

To address this, this specification introduces the sessionStorage IDL attribute. Sites can add data to the session storage, and it will be accessible to any page from the same site opened in that window.

For example, a page could have a checkbox that the user ticks to indicate that he wants insurance:

<label>

I want insurance on this trip.

</label>

A later page could then check, from script, whether the user had checked the checkbox or not:

if (sessionStorage.insurance) { ... }

If the user had multiple windows opened on the site, each one would have its own individual copy of the session storage object.

The second storage mechanism is designed for storage that spans multiple windows, and lasts beyond the current session. In particular, Web applications may wish to store megabytes of user data, such as entire user-authored documents or a user's mailbox, on the client side for performance reasons.

Again, cookies do not handle this case well, because they are transmitted with every request.

The localStorage IDL attribute is used to access a page's local storage area.

The site at example.com can display a count of how many times the user has loaded its page by putting the following at the bottom of its page:

<p>

You have viewed this page

<span id="count">an untold number of</span>

time(s).

</p>

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Web Storage
Editor's Draft 14 May 2014

Latest Published Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/
Latest Editor's Draft:
http://dev.w3.org/html5/webstorage/
Previous Versions:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20110208/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091222/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091029/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/
Editor:
Ian Hickson, Google, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.
The bulk of the text of this specification is also available in the WHATWG Web Applications 1.0 specification, under a license that permits reuse of the specification text.
Abstract

This specification defines an API for persistent data storage of key-value pair data in Web clients.

Status of This document

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, you can enter feedback using this form:

Feedback Comments
Please enter your feedback, carefully indicating the title of the section for which you are submitting feedback, quoting the text that's wrong today if appropriate. If you're suggesting a new feature, it's really important to say what the problem you're trying to solve is. That's more important than the solution, in fact.

Please don't use section numbers as these tend to change rapidly and make your feedback harder to understand.

(Note: Your IP address and user agent will be publicly recorded for spam prevention purposes.)
You can also e-mail feedback to public-webapps@w3.org (subscribe, archives), or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe, archives). All feedback is welcome.

Notifications of changes to this specification are sent along with notifications of changes to related specifications using the following mechanisms:

E-mail notifications of changes
Commit-Watchers mailing list (complete source diffs): http://lists.whatwg.org/listinfo.cgi/commit-watchers-whatwg.org
Browsable version-control record of all changes:
CVSWeb interface with side-by-side diffs: http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/html5/
Annotated summary with unified diffs: http://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker
Raw Subversion interface: svn checkout http://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/
The W3C Web Applications Working Group is the W3C working group responsible for this specification's progress along the W3C Recommendation track. This specification is the 14 May 2014 Editor's Draft.

Issues

More details regarding this issue are available in these e-mails (as well as numerous others):

http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2009-September/023059.html
http://lists.whatwg.org/htdig.cgi/whatwg-whatwg.org/2009-December/024277.html
Table of Contents

1 Introduction
2 Conformance requirements
2.1 Dependencies
3 Terminology
4 The API
4.1 The Storage interface
4.2 The sessionStorage attribute
4.3 The localStorage attribute
4.4 The storage event
4.4.1 The StorageEvent interface
4.5 Threads
5 Disk space
6 Privacy
6.1 User tracking
6.2 Sensitivity of data
7 Security
7.1 DNS spoofing attacks
7.2 Cross-directory attacks
7.3 Implementation risks
References
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction

This section is non-normative.

This specification introduces two related mechanisms, similar to HTTP session cookies, for storing name-value pairs on the client side. [COOKIES]

The first is designed for scenarios where the user is carrying out a single transaction, but could be carrying out multiple transactions in different windows at the same time.

For example, a page could have a checkbox that the user ticks to indicate that he wants insurance:

<label>
 <input type="checkbox" onchange="sessionStorage.insurance = checked ? 'true' : ''">
  I want insurance on this trip.
</label>
A later page could then check, from script, whether the user had checked the checkbox or not:

if (sessionStorage.insurance) { ... }
If the user had multiple windows opened on the site, each one would have its own individual copy of the session storage object.

Again, cookies do not handle this case well, because they are transmitted with every request.

The localStorage IDL attribute is used to access a page's local storage area.

The site at example.com can display a count of how many times the user has loaded its page by putting the following at the bottom of its page:

<p>
  You have viewed this page
  <span id="count">an untold number of</span>
  time(s).
</p>
<script>
  if (!localStorage.pageLoadCount)
    localStorage.pageLoadCount = 0;
  localStorage.pageLoadCount = parseInt(localStorage.pageLoadCount) + 1;
  document.getElementById('count').textContent = localStorage.pageLoadCount;
</script>
Each site has its own separate storage area.

2 Conformance requirements

All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. For readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. [RFC2119]

Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and abort these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the algorithm.

Some conformance requirements are phrased as requirements on attributes, methods or objects. Such requirements are to be interpreted as requirements on user agents.

Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to be performant.)

The only conformance class defined by this specification is user agents.

User agents may impose implementation-specific limits on otherwise unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.

When support for a feature is disabled (e.g. as an emergency measure to mitigate a security problem, or to aid in development, or for performance reasons), user agents must act as if they had no support for the feature whatsoever, and as if the feature was not mentioned in this specification. For example, if a particular feature is accessed via an attribute in a Web IDL interface, the attribute itself would be omitted from the objects that implement that interface — leaving the attribute on the object but making it return null or throw an exception is insufficient.

2.1 Dependencies

This specification relies on several other underlying specifications.

HTML
Many fundamental concepts from HTML are used by this specification. [HTML]

WebIDL
The IDL blocks in this specification use the semantics of the WebIDL specification. [WEBIDL]

3 Terminology

The construction "a Foo object", where Foo is actually an interface, is sometimes used instead of the more accurate "an object implementing the interface Foo".

The term DOM is used to refer to the API set made available to scripts in Web applications, and does not necessarily imply the existence of an actual Document object or of any other Node objects as defined in the DOM specifications. [DOM]

An IDL attribute is said to be getting when its value is being retrieved (e.g. by author script), and is said to be setting when a new value is assigned to it.

The term "JavaScript" is used to refer to ECMA262, rather than the official term ECMAScript, since the term JavaScript is more widely known. [ECMA262]

4 The API

4.1 The Storage interface

interface Storage {
  readonly attribute unsigned long length;
  DOMString? key(unsigned long index);
  getter DOMString? getItem(DOMString key);
  setter creator void setItem(DOMString key, DOMString value);
  deleter void removeItem(DOMString key);
  void clear();
};
Each Storage object provides access to a list of key/value pairs, which are sometimes called items. Keys are strings. Any string (including the empty string) is a valid key. Values are similarly strings.

Each Storage object is associated with a list of key/value pairs when it is created, as defined in the sections on the sessionStorage and localStorage attributes. Multiple separate objects implementing the Storage interface can all be associated with the same list of key/value pairs simultaneously.

The length attribute must return the number of key/value pairs currently present in the list associated with the object.

The key(n) method must return the name of the nth key in the list. The order of keys is user-agent defined, but must be consistent within an object so long as the number of keys doesn't change. (Thus, adding or removing a key may change the order of the keys, but merely changing the value of an existing key must not.) If n is greater than or equal to the number of key/value pairs in the object, then this method must return null.

The supported property names on a Storage object are the keys of each key/value pair currently present in the list associated with the object, in the order that the keys were last added to the storage area.

The getItem(key) method must return the current value associated with the given key. If the given key does not exist in the list associated with the object then this method must return null.

The setItem(key, value) method must first check if a key/value pair with the given key already exists in the list associated with the object.

If it does not, then a new key/value pair must be added to the list, with the given key and with its value set to value.

If the given key does exist in the list, and its value is not equal to value, then it must have its value updated to value. If its previous value is equal to value, then the method must do nothing.

If it couldn't set the new value, the method must throw a QuotaExceededError exception. (Setting could fail if, e.g., the user has disabled storage for the site, or if the quota has been exceeded.)

The removeItem(key) method must cause the key/value pair with the given key to be removed from the list associated with the object, if it exists. If no item with that key exists, the method must do nothing.

The setItem() and removeItem() methods must be atomic with respect to failure. In the case of failure, the method does nothing. That is, changes to the data storage area must either be successful, or the data storage area must not be changed at all.

The clear() method must atomically cause the list associated with the object to be emptied of all key/value pairs, if there are any. If there are none, then the method must do nothing.

When the setItem(), removeItem(), and clear() methods are invoked, events are fired on the Window objects of other Documents that can access the newly stored or removed data, as defined in the sections on the sessionStorage and localStorage attributes.

This specification does not require that the above methods wait until the data has been physically written to disk. Only consistency in what different scripts accessing the same underlying list of key/value pairs see is required.

4.2 The sessionStorage attribute

[NoInterfaceObject]
interface WindowSessionStorage {
  readonly attribute Storage sessionStorage;
};
Window implements WindowSessionStorage;
The sessionStorage attribute represents the set of storage areas specific to the current top-level browsing context.

Each top-level browsing context has a unique set of session storage areas, one for each origin.

User agents should not expire data from a browsing context's session storage areas, but may do so when the user requests that such data be deleted, or when the UA detects that it has limited storage space, or for security reasons. User agents should always avoid deleting data while a script that could access that data is running. When a top-level browsing context is destroyed (and therefore permanently inaccessible to the user) the data stored in its session storage areas can be discarded with it, as the API described in this specification provides no way for that data to ever be subsequently retrieved.

The lifetime of a browsing context can be unrelated to the lifetime of the actual user agent process itself, as the user agent may support resuming sessions after a restart.

When a new Document is created in a browsing context which has a top-level browsing context, the user agent must check to see if that top-level browsing context has a session storage area for that document's origin. If it does, then that is the Document's assigned session storage area. If it does not, a new storage area for that document's origin must be created, and then that is the Document's assigned session storage area. A Document's assigned storage area does not change during the lifetime of a Document.

In the case of an iframe being moved to another Document, the nested browsing context is destroyed and a new one created.

The sessionStorage attribute must return a Storage object associated with the Document's assigned session storage area, if any, or null if there isn't one. Each Document object must have a separate object for its Window's sessionStorage attribute.

When a new top-level browsing context is created by cloning an existing browsing context, the new browsing context must start with the same session storage areas as the original, but the two sets must from that point on be considered separate, not affecting each other in any way.

When a new top-level browsing context is created by a script in an existing browsing context, or by the user following a link in an existing browsing context, or in some other way related to a specific Document, and the creation is not a new start for session storage, then the session storage area of the origin of that Document must be copied into the new browsing context when it is created. From that point on, however, the two session storage areas must be considered separate, not affecting each other in any way.

When the setItem(), removeItem(), and clear() methods are called on a Storage object x that is associated with a session storage area, if the methods did not throw an exception or "do nothing" as defined above, then for every Document object whose Window object's sessionStorage attribute's Storage object is associated with the same storage area, other than x, send a storage notification.

4.3 The localStorage attribute

[NoInterfaceObject]
interface WindowLocalStorage {
  readonly attribute Storage localStorage;
};
Window implements WindowLocalStorage;
The localStorage object provides a Storage object for an origin.  (This is a fingerprinting vector.)

User agents must have a set of local storage areas, one for each origin.

User agents should expire data from the local storage areas only for security reasons or when requested to do so by the user. User agents should always avoid deleting data while a script that could access that data is running.

When the localStorage attribute is accessed, the user agent must run the following steps, which are known as the Storage object initialization steps:

The user agent may throw a SecurityError exception and abort these steps instead of returning a Storage object if the request violates a policy decision (e.g. if the user agent is configured to not allow the page to persist data).

If the Document's origin is not a scheme/host/port tuple, then throw a SecurityError exception and abort these steps.

Check to see if the user agent has allocated a local storage area for the origin of the Document of the Window object on which the attribute was accessed. If it has not, create a new storage area for that origin.

Return the Storage object associated with that origin's local storage area. Each Document object must have a separate object for its Window's localStorage attribute.

When the setItem(), removeItem(), and clear() methods are called on a Storage object x that is associated with a local storage area, if the methods did not throw an exception or "do nothing" as defined above, then for every Document object whose Window object's localStorage attribute's Storage object is associated with the same storage area, other than x, send a storage notification.

Whenever the properties of a localStorage attribute's Storage object are to be examined, returned, set, or deleted, whether as part of a direct property access, when checking for the presence of a property, during property enumeration, when determining the number of properties present, or as part of the execution of any of the methods or attributes defined on the Storage interface, the user agent must first obtain the storage mutex.

4.4 The storage event

The storage event is fired on a Document's Window object when a storage area changes, as described in the previous two sections (for session storage, for local storage).

When a user agent is to send a storage notification for a Document, the user agent must queue a task to fire a trusted event with the name storage, which does not bubble and is not cancelable, and which uses the StorageEvent interface, at the Document object's Window object.

Such a Document object is not necessarily fully active, but events fired on such objects are ignored by the event loop until the Document becomes fully active again.

The task source for these tasks is the DOM manipulation task source.

If the event is being fired due to an invocation of the setItem() or removeItem() methods, the event must have its key attribute initialised to the name of the key in question, its oldValue attribute initialised to the old value of the key in question, or null if the key is newly added, and its newValue attribute initialised to the new value of the key in question, or null if the key was removed.

Otherwise, if the event is being fired due to an invocation of the clear() method, the event must have its key, oldValue, and newValue attributes initialised to null.

In addition, the event must have its url attribute initialised to the address of the document whose Storage object was affected; and its storageArea attribute initialised to the Storage object from the Window object of the target Document that represents the same kind of Storage area as was affected (i.e. session or local).

4.4.1 The StorageEvent interface

[Constructor(DOMString type, optional StorageEventInit eventInitDict)]
interface StorageEvent : Event {
  readonly attribute DOMString? key;
  readonly attribute DOMString? oldValue;
  readonly attribute DOMString? newValue;
  readonly attribute DOMString url;
  readonly attribute Storage? storageArea;
};

dictionary StorageEventInit : EventInit {
  DOMString? key;
  DOMString? oldValue;
  DOMString? newValue;
  DOMString url;
  Storage? storageArea;
};
The key attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the key being changed.

The oldValue attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the old value of the key being changed.

The newValue attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the new value of the key being changed.

The url attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to the empty string. It represents the address of the document whose key changed.

The storageArea attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the Storage object that was affected.

4.5 Threads

Because of the use of the storage mutex, multiple browsing contexts will be able to access the local storage areas simultaneously in such a manner that scripts cannot detect any concurrent script execution.

Thus, the length attribute of a Storage object, and the value of the various properties of that object, cannot change while a script is executing, other than in a way that is predictable by the script itself.

5 Disk space

User agents should limit the total amount of space allowed for storage areas, because hostile authors could otherwise use this feature to exhaust the user's available disk space.

User agents should guard against sites storing data under their origin's other affiliated sites, e.g. storing up to the limit in a1.example.com, a2.example.com, a3.example.com, etc, circumventing the main example.com storage limit.

User agents may prompt the user when quotas are reached, allowing the user to grant a site more space. This enables sites to store many user-created documents on the user's computer, for instance.

User agents should allow users to see how much space each domain is using.

A mostly arbitrary limit of five megabytes per origin is suggested. Implementation feedback is welcome and will be used to update this suggestion in the future.

For predictability, quotas should be based on the uncompressed size of data stored.

6 Privacy

6.1 User tracking

A third-party advertiser (or any entity capable of getting content distributed to multiple sites) could use a unique identifier stored in its local storage area to track a user across multiple sessions, building a profile of the user's interests to allow for highly targeted advertising. In conjunction with a site that is aware of the user's real identity (for example an e-commerce site that requires authenticated credentials), this could allow oppressive groups to target individuals with greater accuracy than in a world with purely anonymous Web usage.

There are a number of techniques that can be used to mitigate the risk of user tracking:

Blocking third-party storage
User agents may restrict access to the localStorage objects to scripts originating at the domain of the top-level document of the browsing context, for instance denying access to the API for pages from other domains running in iframes.

Expiring stored data
User agents may, possibly in a manner configured by the user, automatically delete stored data after a period of time.

For example, a user agent could be configured to treat third-party local storage areas as session-only storage, deleting the data once the user had closed all the browsing contexts that could access it.

This can restrict the ability of a site to track a user, as the site would then only be able to track the user across multiple sessions when he authenticates with the site itself (e.g. by making a purchase or logging in to a service).

However, this also reduces the usefulness of the API as a long-term storage mechanism. It can also put the user's data at risk, if the user does not fully understand the implications of data expiration.

Treating persistent storage as cookies
If users attempt to protect their privacy by clearing cookies without also clearing data stored in the local storage area, sites can defeat those attempts by using the two features as redundant backup for each other. User agents should present the interfaces for clearing these in a way that helps users to understand this possibility and enables them to delete data in all persistent storage features simultaneously. [COOKIES]

Site-specific white-listing of access to local storage areas
User agents may allow sites to access session storage areas in an unrestricted manner, but require the user to authorise access to local storage areas.

Origin-tracking of stored data
User agents may record the origins of sites that contained content from third-party origins that caused data to be stored.

If this information is then used to present the view of data currently in persistent storage, it would allow the user to make informed decisions about which parts of the persistent storage to prune. Combined with a blacklist ("delete this data and prevent this domain from ever storing data again"), the user can restrict the use of persistent storage to sites that he trusts.

Shared blacklists
User agents may allow users to share their persistent storage domain blacklists.

This would allow communities to act together to protect their privacy.

While these suggestions prevent trivial use of this API for user tracking, they do not block it altogether. Within a single domain, a site can continue to track the user during a session, and can then pass all this information to the third party along with any identifying information (names, credit card numbers, addresses) obtained by the site. If a third party cooperates with multiple sites to obtain such information, a profile can still be created.

However, user tracking is to some extent possible even with no cooperation from the user agent whatsoever, for instance by using session identifiers in URLs, a technique already commonly used for innocuous purposes but easily repurposed for user tracking (even retroactively). This information can then be shared with other sites, using visitors' IP addresses and other user-specific data (e.g. user-agent headers and configuration settings) to combine separate sessions into coherent user profiles.

6.2 Sensitivity of data

User agents should treat persistently stored data as potentially sensitive; it's quite possible for e-mails, calendar appointments, health records, or other confidential documents to be stored in this mechanism.

To this end, user agents should ensure that when deleting data, it is promptly deleted from the underlying storage.

7 Security

7.1 DNS spoofing attacks

Because of the potential for DNS spoofing attacks, one cannot guarantee that a host claiming to be in a certain domain really is from that domain. To mitigate this, pages can use TLS. Pages using TLS can be sure that only the user, software working on behalf of the user, and other pages using TLS that have certificates identifying them as being from the same domain, can access their storage areas.

7.2 Cross-directory attacks

Different authors sharing one host name, for example users hosting content on geocities.com, all share one local storage object. There is no feature to restrict the access by pathname. Authors on shared hosts are therefore urged to avoid using these features, as it would be trivial for other authors to read the data and overwrite it.

Even if a path-restriction feature was made available, the usual DOM scripting security model would make it trivial to bypass this protection and access the data from any path.

7.3 Implementation risks

The two primary risks when implementing these persistent storage features are letting hostile sites read information from other domains, and letting hostile sites write information that is then read from other domains.

Letting third-party sites read data that is not supposed to be read from their domain causes information leakage, For example, a user's shopping wishlist on one domain could be used by another domain for targeted advertising; or a user's work-in-progress confidential documents stored by a word-processing site could be examined by the site of a competing company.

Letting third-party sites write data to the persistent storage of other domains can result in information spoofing, which is equally dangerous. For example, a hostile site could add items to a user's wishlist; or a hostile site could set a user's session identifier to a known ID that the hostile site can then use to track the user's actions on the victim site.

Thus, strictly following the origin model described in this specification is important for user security.

References

All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative".

[COOKIES]
HTTP State Management Mechanism, A. Barth. IETF.
[DOM]
DOM, A. van Kesteren, A. Gregor, Ms2ger. WHATWG.
[ECMA262]
ECMAScript Language Specification. ECMA.
[HTML]
HTML, I. Hickson. WHATWG.
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, S. Bradner. IETF.
[WEBIDL]
Web IDL, C. McCormack. W3C.
Acknowledgements

For a full list of acknowledgements, please see the WHATWG HTML standard.

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Web Storage (Second Edition)
W3C Working Draft TBC

This Version:
TBC
Latest Published Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/webstorage/
Latest Editor's Draft:
http://dev.w3.org/html5/webstorage/
Previous Versions:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/REC-webstorage-20130730/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/PR-webstorage-20130409/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/CR-webstorage-20111208/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20111025/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20110901/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-webstorage-20110208/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091222/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20091029/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/
Editor:
Ian Hickson, Google, Inc.
Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.
See also translations.
Copyright © 2013 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.
The bulk of the text of this specification is also available in the WHATWG Web Applications 1.0 specification, under a license that permits reuse of the specification text.
Abstract

This specification defines an API for persistent data storage of key-value pair data in Web clients.

Status of This document

The W3C Web Applications Working Group created a Test Suite for this spec and the Implementation Report for this specification.

The following changes were made to this specification after Web Storage was published as a W3C Recommendation on 30 July 2013:

The IDL of the Storage interface and the StorageEvent was updated. The getter of the Storage interface and the key of the StorageEvent are Nullable in this document;
The security section in LocalStorage was removed. The original version claimed that user agents must throw a SecurityError whenever any of the members of a Storage object originally returned by the localStorage attribute are accessed by scripts whose effective script origin is not the same as the origin of the Document of the Window object on which the localStorage attribute was accessed.
If you wish to submit bugs regarding this document in a manner that is tracked by the W3C, please submit them via using our public bug database. You can also e-mail feedback to public-webapps@w3.org (subscribe, archives), or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe, archives). All feedback is welcome.

Issues

More details regarding this issue are available in these e-mails (as well as numerous others):

https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-whatwg-archive/2009Sep/0009.html
https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-whatwg-archive/2009Sep/0513.html
Table of Contents

This section is non-normative.

This specification introduces two related mechanisms, similar to HTTP session cookies, for storing name-value pairs on the client side. [COOKIES]

The first is designed for scenarios where the user is carrying out a single transaction, but could be carrying out multiple transactions in different windows at the same time.

For example, a page could have a checkbox that the user ticks to indicate that he wants insurance:

<label>
 <input type="checkbox" onchange="sessionStorage.insurance = checked ? 'true' : ''">
I want insurance on this trip.
</label>
A later page could then check, from script, whether the user had checked the checkbox or not:

if (sessionStorage.insurance) { ... }
If the user had multiple windows opened on the site, each one would have its own individual copy of the session storage object.

Again, cookies do not handle this case well, because they are transmitted with every request.

The localStorage IDL attribute is used to access a page's local storage area.

The site at example.com can display a count of how many times the user has loaded its page by putting the following at the bottom of its page:

2 Conformance requirements

All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative, as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

Some conformance requirements are phrased as requirements on attributes, methods or objects. Such requirements are to be interpreted as requirements on user agents.

The only conformance class defined by this specification is user agents.

2.1 Dependencies

This specification relies on several other underlying specifications.

HTML
Many fundamental concepts from HTML are used by this specification. [HTML]

WebIDL
The IDL blocks in this specification are conforming IDL fragments as defined by the WebIDL specification. [WEBIDL]

3 Terminology

The construction "a Foo object", where Foo is actually an interface, is sometimes used instead of the more accurate "an object implementing the interface Foo".

An IDL attribute is said to be getting when its value is being retrieved (e.g. by author script), and is said to be setting when a new value is assigned to it.

The term "JavaScript" is used to refer to ECMA262, rather than the official term ECMAScript, since the term JavaScript is more widely known. [ECMA262]

4 The API

4.1 The Storage interface

The length attribute must return the number of key/value pairs currently present in the list associated with the object.

The supported property names on a Storage object are the keys of each key/value pair currently present in the list associated with the object.

The getItem(key) method must return the current value associated with the given key. If the given key does not exist in the list associated with the object then this method must return null.

The setItem(key, value) method must first check if a key/value pair with the given key already exists in the list associated with the object.

If it does not, then a new key/value pair must be added to the list, with the given key and with its value set to value.

If the given key does exist in the list, and its value is not equal to value, then it must have its value updated to value. If its previous value is equal to value, then the method must do nothing.

If it couldn't set the new value, the method must throw a QuotaExceededError exception. (Setting could fail if, e.g., the user has disabled storage for the site, or if the quota has been exceeded.)

The clear() method must atomically cause the list associated with the object to be emptied of all key/value pairs, if there are any. If there are none, then the method must do nothing.

4.2 The sessionStorage attribute

Each top-level browsing context has a unique set of session storage areas, one for each origin.

The lifetime of a browsing context can be unrelated to the lifetime of the actual user agent process itself, as the user agent may support resuming sessions after a restart.

In the case of an iframe being moved to another Document, the nested browsing context is destroyed and a new one created.

4.3 The localStorage attribute

User agents must have a set of local storage areas, one for each origin.

When the localStorage attribute is accessed, the user agent must run the following steps, which are known as the Storage object initialization steps:

If the Document's origin is not a scheme/host/port tuple, then throw a SecurityError exception and abort these steps.

Return the Storage object associated with that origin's local storage area. Each Document object must have a separate object for its Window's localStorage attribute.

4.4 The storage event

The storage event is fired on a Document's Window object when a storage area changes, as described in the previous two sections (for session storage, for local storage).

Such a Document object is not necessarily fully active, but events fired on such objects are ignored by the event loop until the Document becomes fully active again.

The task source for these tasks is the DOM manipulation task source.

Otherwise, if the event is being fired due to an invocation of the clear() method, the event must have its key, oldValue, and newValue attributes initialised to null.

4.4.1 The StorageEvent interface

The oldValue attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the old value of the key being changed.

The newValue attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the new value of the key being changed.

The storageArea attribute must return the value it was initialised to. When the object is created, this attribute must be initialised to null. It represents the Storage object that was affected.

4.5 Threads

5 Disk space

User agents should limit the total amount of space allowed for storage areas, because hostile authors could otherwise use this feature to exhaust the user's available disk space.

User agents may prompt the user when quotas are reached, allowing the user to grant a site more space. This enables sites to store many user-created documents on the user's computer, for instance.

User agents should allow users to see how much space each domain is using.

A mostly arbitrary limit of five megabytes per origin is suggested. Implementation feedback is welcome and will be used to update this suggestion in the future.

For predictability, quotas should be based on the uncompressed size of data stored.

6 Privacy

6.1 User tracking

There are a number of techniques that can be used to mitigate the risk of user tracking:

Expiring stored data
User agents may, possibly in a manner configured by the user, automatically delete stored data after a period of time.

Origin-tracking of stored data
User agents may record the origins of sites that contained content from third-party origins that caused data to be stored.

Shared blacklists
User agents may allow users to share their persistent storage domain blacklists.

This would allow communities to act together to protect their privacy.

6.2 Sensitivity of data

To this end, user agents should ensure that when deleting data, it is promptly deleted from the underlying storage.

7 Security

7.1 DNS spoofing attacks

7.2 Cross-directory attacks

Even if a path-restriction feature was made available, the usual DOM scripting security model would make it trivial to bypass this protection and access the data from any path.

7.3 Implementation risks

Letting third-party sites read data that is not supposed to be read from their domain causes information leakage, for example, a user's shopping wishlist on one domain could be used by another domain for targeted advertising; or a user's work-in-progress confidential documents stored by a word-processing site could be examined by the site of a competing company.

Thus, strictly following the origin model described in this specification is important for user security.

References

All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative".

[COOKIES]
HTTP State Management Mechanism, A. Barth. IETF.
[DOM]
Anne van Kesteren; Aryeh Gregor; Ms2ger; Alex Russell; Robin Berjon. W3C DOM4. 10 July 2014. W3C Last Call Working Draft. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/
[ECMA262]
ECMAScript Language Specification. ECMA.
[HTML]
Ian Hickson; Robin Berjon; Steve Faulkner; Travis Leithead; Erika Doyle Navara; Edward O'Connor; Silvia Pfeiffer. HTML5. 28 October 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, S. Bradner. IETF.
[WEBIDL]
Cameron McCormack. Web IDL. 19 April 2012. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/WebIDL/
Acknowledgements

For a full list of acknowledgements, please see the HTML specification. [HTML]

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