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whisper_init_from_file_no_state: loading model from 'C:\Users\qianp\Downloads\whisper_build\bin\Release\ggml-model-base.bin'

whisper_init_from_file_no_state: loading model from 'C:\Users\qianp\Downloads\whisper_build_new\bin\Release\ggml-model-base.bin'

whisper_model_load: loading model

whisper_model_load: n_vocab = 51865

whisper_model_load: n_audio_ctx = 1500

whisper_model_load: n_audio_state = 512

whisper_model_load: n_audio_head = 8

whisper_model_load: n_audio_layer = 6

whisper_model_load: n_text_ctx = 448

whisper_model_load: n_text_state = 512

whisper_model_load: n_text_head = 8

whisper_model_load: n_text_layer = 6

whisper_model_load: n_mels = 80

whisper_model_load: ftype = 1

whisper_model_load: qntvr = 0

whisper_model_load: type = 2

whisper_model_load: mem required = 310.00 MB (+ 6.00 MB per decoder)

whisper_model_load: adding 1608 extra tokens

whisper_model_load: model ctx = 140.66 MB

whisper_model_load: model size = 140.54 MB

whisper_init_state: kv self size = 5.25 MB

whisper_init_state: kv cross size = 17.58 MB

system_info: n_threads = 4 / 20 | AVX = 1 | AVX2 = 1 | AVX512 = 0 | FMA = 1 | NEON = 0 | ARM_FMA = 0 | F16C = 1 | FP16_VA = 0 | WASM_SIMD = 0 | BLAS = 1 | SSE3 = 1 | VSX = 0 | COREML = 0 | OPENVINO = 0 |

main: processing 'C:\Users\qianp\Downloads\whisper_build\bin\Release\diffusion2023-07-03.wav' (26718958 samples, 1669.9 sec), 4 threads, 1 processors, lang = en, task = transcribe, timestamps = 1 ...

main: processing 'C:\Users\qianp\Downloads\whisper_build_new\bin\Release\diffusion2023-07-03.wav' (26718958 samples, 1669.9 sec), 4 threads, 1 processors, lang = en, task = transcribe, timestamps = 1 ...

[00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.000] [Music]

[00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:07.000] diffusion

[00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:09.000] The International Science Radio Show

[00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:12.000] We have a bouncer and the doors of perception

[00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:14.000] [Music]

[00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:15.000] The goods are bad to ugly

[00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:16.000] It gets pretty exotic

[00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:18.000] The myths, the truths

[00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:19.000] [Music]

[00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:20.000] Toxicology

[00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:21.000] Astrocyzed mojito

[00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.000] Magneticism

[00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.000] Magneticism, the dark side

[00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:23.000] The dark side

[00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:24.000] Genetically engineered potatoes

[00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:24.000] Genetically engineered potatoes

[00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:25.000] Plano Toid

[00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:26.000] Plano Toid

[00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:27.000] I love that word

[00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:29.000] [Laughter]

[00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:32.000] [Music]

[00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:34.000] Hello and welcome to diffusion

[00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:37.000] Sit back and relax while we stretch your brain

[00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.000] With weird and wonderful science

[00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.000] with weird and wonderful science

[00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:41.000] I'm Ian Wolf

[00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000] On this edition Dr. Viv Robinson

[00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000] On this edition, Dr. Viv Robinson

[00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:45.000] rewrites cosmology

[00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:48.000] But first up, he is news of two massive galaxies

[00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000] That might be older than the Big Bang

[00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000] that might be older than the Big Bang

[00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.000] [Music]

[00:00:52.000 --> 00:01:02.000] [Music]

[00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:57.000] [Music]

[00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.000] [Music]

[00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:02.000] [Music]

[00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:08.000] Galaxies, too massive

[00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:06.000] [Music]

[00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.000] Galaxies, too massive

[00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:12.000] Astronomers from the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne

[00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:14.000] Using the James Webb Space Telescope

[00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:14.000] using the James Webb Space Telescope

[00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:16.000] have observed six galaxies

[00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:20.000] That formed in the Universe's first 700 million years

[00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:20.000] that formed in the Universe's first 700 million years

[00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000] Appeared to be up to a hundred times more massive

[00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000] appeared to be up to a hundred times more massive

[00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:27.000] Than our best theories say can possibly exist

[00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:27.000] than our best theories say can possibly exist

[00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.000] Astronomers Ivo Labe

[00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:31.000] Astronomers Ivo Labe and his colleagues

[00:01:29.000 --> 00:01:31.000] And his colleagues

[00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:33.000] wrote in his paper

[00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:33.000] Wrote in his paper

[00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:35.000] "Adding up the stars in those galaxies

[00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:35.000] Adding up the stars in those galaxies

[00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.000] it would exceed the total amount of mass available in the Universe at that time

[00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.000] It would exceed the total amount of mass available in the Universe at that time

[00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:41.000] There's too much mass

[00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.000] Had not enough time for it to get together

[00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.000] and not enough time for it to get together

[00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:48.000] The galaxies must have had much longer than the 700 million years after the Big Bang

[00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.000] That our standard model of the Universe gives them

[00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.000] that our standard model of the Universe gives them

[00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:53.000] And the Universe must have had more mass available

[00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:53.000] and the Universe must have had more mass available

[00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:57.000] Or galaxies must form differently than what we think

[00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:57.000] or galaxies must form differently than what we think

[00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:01.000] The Big Bang is currently thought to have started everything

[00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:04.000] 13.77 billion years ago

[00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:06.000] And these galaxies

[00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:10.000] We're watching them at 0.77 billion years ago

[00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:10.000] we're watching them at 0.77 billion years ago

[00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:12.000] Because they're so far away

[00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:12.000] because they're so far away

[00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:15.000] Galaxies are thought to accumulate gas

[00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:19.000] Moved together by giant clumps of dark matter in their region

[00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:19.000] moved together by giant clumps of dark matter in their region

[00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:25.000] Generally, only about 10% of the gas in the galaxy ignites to make a star

[00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:29.000] For galaxies and there are motors parts of the Universe where the gas is thin

[00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:34.000] It takes a long time to accumulate this much gas for this many stars

[00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:32.000] it takes a long time to accumulate this much gas

[00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000] for this many stars

[00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:38.000] These six galaxies, however, have so many stars

[00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:41.000] Adding up to so much mass

[00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:41.000] adding up to so much mass

[00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:47.000] That all of the gas in each galaxy had to have become 100% converted into stars

[00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:47.000] that all of the gas in each galaxy had to have become 100% converted into stars

[00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:52.000] In the 700 million years since the Universe started in the Big Bang

[00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:52.000] in the 700 million years since the Universe started in the Big Bang

[00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:56.000] Under our current understanding, this is impossible

[00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:00.000] It suggests something in our understanding of the cosmos is wrong

[00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:06.000] Are we wrong about how to calculate astronomical masses, galaxy formation, dark matter

[00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:09.000] And the Big Bang and the age of the Universe

[00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:09.000] and the Big Bang and the age of the Universe

[00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:17.000] An astronomer from the Cosmic Dawn Centre in Denmark used the James Webb telescope to look at closer galaxies

[00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:13.000] An astronomer from the Cosmic Dawn Centre in Denmark

[00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:24.000] And then used the very high resolution of that telescope to calculate the mass more precisely with a different method

[00:03:13.000 --> 00:03:17.000] used the James Webb telescope to look at closer galaxies

[00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:29.000] And found that these galaxies are 3 to 10 times more massive than we previously thought

[00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:20.000] and then used the very high resolution of that telescope

[00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:24.000] to calculate the mass more precisely with a different method

[00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:29.000] and found that these galaxies are 3 to 10 times more massive than we previously thought

[00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:35.000] Applying this more accurate technique to the six galaxies that are 13 billion light years away

[00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:38.000] Would increase their mass

[00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:37.000] would increase their mass

[00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:43.000] Which makes it much worse than what we thought

[00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:42.000] which makes it much worse than what we thought

[00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:51.000] The paper was titled "A Population of Red Candidate Massive Galaxies" approximately 600 million years after the Big Bang

[00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:47.000] The paper was titled "A Population of Red Candidate Massive Galaxies"

[00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:54.000] And was published in the journal Nature

[00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:51.000] approximately 600 million years after the Big Bang

[00:03:54.000 --> 00:04:10.000] [Music]

[00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:53.000] and was published in the journal Nature

[00:03:53.000 --> 00:04:10.000] [Music]

[00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.000] You're listening to AirWolf on diffusion science radio

[00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:18.000] Send emails to science@diffusionradio.com

[00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:17.000] send emails to science@diffusionradio.com

[00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:27.000] And send them all to you across Australia on the community radio network and podcast over the internet on www.diffusionradio.com

[00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:21.000] We're brought to you across Australia on the Community Radio Network

[00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:30.000] Challenging Physics

[00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:27.000] and podcast over the internet on www.diffusionradio.com

[00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:34.000] Newton said everything is either a particle or a wave

[00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:29.000] Challenging Physics

[00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:37.000] Faraday and Maxwell added fields

[00:04:29.000 --> 00:04:34.000] Newton said everything is either a particle or a wave

[00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:39.000] Einstein added space time

[00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:36.000] Faraday and Maxwell added fields

[00:04:39.000 --> 00:04:46.000] Quantum physics says everything is made of quantum which have the properties of both waves and particles but is neither

[00:04:36.000 --> 00:04:38.000] Einstein added space time

[00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:53.000] Quantum mechanics has no explanation for gravity and relativity doesn't account for the quantum world

[00:04:38.000 --> 00:04:42.000] Quantum physics says everything is made of quantum

[00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:46.000] which have the properties of both waves and particles but is neither

[00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:49.000] Quantum mechanics has no explanation for gravity

[00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:53.000] and relativity doesn't account for the quantum world

[00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:57.000] There's a contradiction between our most basic explanations of the universe

[00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:06.000] Dr. Viv Robinson was the first person to create a physical explanation of Einstein's gravity in a paper published in the journal Physics Communications

[00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:02.000] Dr. Viv Robinson was the first person to create a physical explanation of Einstein's gravity

[00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:13.000] He's made corrections to people's extensions of Einstein's mathematics and has a different way to interpret those mathematics

[00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:06.000] in a paper published in the journal Physics Communications

[00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:19.000] There gives a different picture of the age of the universe and a different way of looking at how the physics works

[00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:10.000] He's made corrections to people's extensions of Einstein's mathematics

[00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:23.000] From the standard model of quantum physics to Big Bang cosmology

[00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:13.000] and has a different way to interpret those mathematics

[00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:27.000] Everything including you and me is made of light

[00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:16.000] that gives a different picture of the age of the universe

[00:05:27.000 --> 00:05:30.000] It's a very big and very bold claim

[00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:19.000] and a different way of looking at how the physics works

[00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:35.000] I spoke to Dr. Viv Robinson by Zoom and began by asking him

[00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:24.000] From the standard model of quantum physics to big bang cosmology

[00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:28.000] Everything including you and me is made of light

[00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:31.000] It's a very big and very bold claim

[00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:35.000] I spoke to Dr. Viv Robinson by Zoom and began by asking him

[00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:38.000] What is the universe made of?

[00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:47.000] And the whole stuff of the universe or the entity I won't call it items because one of them is absolutely nothing

[00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:43.000] Oh, stop of the universe or entity

[00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:53.000] The first thing to do is all the mass and all the energy is made up of photons

[00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:47.000] I won't call it items because one of them is absolutely nothing

[00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:51.000] The first thing to do is all the mass and all the energy

[00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:53.000] is made up of photons

[00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:56.000] There are little packets of electromagnetic energy

[00:05:56.000 --> 00:06:01.000] Hostulated by Maxwell and Planck and proven by Einstein

[00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:10.000] They come in many different sizes, shapes of which make the they make up all the mass and energy of the universe

[00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:05.000] They come in many different sizes, shapes of matter

[00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:10.000] which make up all the mass and energy of the universe

[00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:15.000] The volume is made up by empty space, absolutely nothing

[00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:19.000] But it's the properties of the space that are important

[00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:26.000] The first most important property is that can transmit photons, electromagnetic radiation

[00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:24.000] The first most important property is that can transmit photons

[00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:33.000] It does this through two of its properties, electric permittivity and magnetic permeability

[00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:27.000] electromagnetic radiation

[00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:39.000] And it's those properties which then transmit all of the fields

[00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:30.000] It does this through two of its properties

[00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:41.000] So that's really all it is

[00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:34.000] Electric permutivity and magnetic permeability

[00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:50.000] There are just the only two stars and I call them all because the photos are physical things and spaces just the absence of everything

[00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:39.000] And it's those properties which then transmit all of the fields

[00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:55.000] But it's property, it's properties are what is important about it

[00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:42.000] So that's really all it is

[00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:44.000] There are just the only two stars

[00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:48.000] And I call them all big as the photos are physical things

[00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:50.000] And space is just the absence of everything

[00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:52.000] But it's property

[00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:55.000] It's properties are what is important about it

[00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:01.000] And that's a little bit different to what you might hear from a quantum physics class

[00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:08.000] Where they talk about space being full of virtual particles coming into an out of existence that it's not totally empty

[00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:04.000] Where they talk about space being full of virtual particles

[00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:14.000] Or sometimes they say it's full of fields, the fields of every forces in there and things are coming up all the time

[00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:08.000] Coming into an out of existence that it's not totally empty

[00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:19.000] So if you go very fast you'll interact with the fields, all the virtual particles and you'll get radiation

[00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:10.000] Or sometimes they say it's full of fields

[00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:31.000] Yes, well the unfortunate part is that physics is doing exceedingly well under Newtonian mechanics and exceedingly well under Maxwell's mechanics

[00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:12.000] The fields of every forces in there

[00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:38.000] But as things get smaller and smaller, you get to a stage where things aren't continuous

[00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:14.000] And things are coming up all the time

[00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:44.000] I mean you didn't work with anything that's continuous but eventually you get to a stage where

[00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:17.000] So if you go very fast you'll interact with the fields

[00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:50.000] You know, a droplet of water is fine, it has service tension, evaporating left with one molecular water

[00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:19.000] All the virtual particles and you'll get radiation

[00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:27.000] Yes, well the unfortunate part is that physics is doing exceedingly well under Newtonian mechanics

[00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:32.000] And exceedingly well under Maxwell's mechanics

[00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:34.000] But as things get smaller and smaller

[00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:38.000] You get to a stage where things aren't continuous

[00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:42.000] I mean Newton's work will anything that's continuous

[00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.000] But eventually you get to a stage where you know

[00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:50.000] Drop a water, respond at a service tension evaporating left with one molecular water

[00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:54.000] That doesn't behave the same as bulk water

[00:07:54.000 --> 00:08:01.000] And into that molecule you go hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, they behave nothing like water

[00:07:54.000 --> 00:07:58.000] And into that molecule you go hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms

[00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:07.000] And then you get, well they're made up, proton neutrons and electrons and they have completely different properties from bulk water

[00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:01.000] They behave nothing like water

[00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:05.000] And then you get well they're made up proton neutrons and electrons

[00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:07.000] And they have completely different properties from bulk water

[00:08:07.000 --> 00:08:11.000] So quantum mechanics, things get quantized

[00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:19.000] You get the smallest quantity you can get and that has very very different properties from the bulk

[00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:15.000] You get the smallest quantity you can get

[00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:29.000] And what has happened in the past is that the early on in quantum mechanics, the Batman like Dirac and Shrew to get

[00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.000] And that has very very different properties from the bulk

[00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:33.000] They didn't know what the structure was and electron was

[00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:27.000] And what has happened in the past is that the early on in quantum mechanics

[00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:43.000] They knew it was, it had waged properties and so all I did was they attributed it to a waged property to it

[00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:33.000] And men like Dirac and Shrewd again, they didn't know what the structure was and electron was

[00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:52.000] Now waves have the advantage over particles, you can manipulate them almost forever with all sorts of different transforms

[00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:37.000] Although they knew it was

[00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:39.000] It had waged properties

[00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:43.000] And so all they did was they attributed it to a waged property to it

[00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:47.000] Now waves have the advantage over particles

[00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:52.000] You can manipulate them almost forever with all sorts of different transforms

[00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:55.000] Until you get the answer you want

[00:08:55.000 --> 00:09:06.000] And that gave some confidence to quantum mechanics guys that yes waves work and they've been using that forever

[00:08:55.000 --> 00:09:01.000] And that gave some confidence to quantum mechanics guys

[00:09:06.000 --> 00:09:12.000] And all I'm saying no, no, no, no, everything is particles

[00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:05.000] That yes waves work and they've been using that forever

[00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:20.000] And the particles have specific properties and you can't manipulate those properties, well you can do a certain extent

[00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:07.000] And all I'm saying no no no no no

[00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:29.000] They are what they are and it's when you know what those properties are that the whole quantum mechanics becomes much simpler

[00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:11.000] Everything is particles

[00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:36.000] You don't need any of that homies of stuff to get to explain whatever you want to explain

[00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:15.000] And the particles have specific properties

[00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:45.000] I mentioned that there are many different forms of protons and protons are electromagnetic radiation with an electric field

[00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:19.000] And you can't manipulate those properties or you can do a certain extent

[00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:52.000] And they are magnetic field perpendicular to it and the whole lot traveled and the speed of light in the third dimension

[00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:23.000] But they are what they are

[00:09:52.000 --> 00:10:00.000] There are many variations of that so that's fine for energy radiation

[00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:25.000] And when you know what those properties are

[00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:03.000] But how about matter particles?

[00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:29.000] That the whole quantum mechanics becomes much simpler

[00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:08.000] Well matter particles are nothing more than protons of the appropriate wavelengths

[00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:33.000] You don't need any of that homies of stuff to get

[00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:22.000] Or appropriate energy making two revolutions to wavelengths and when they do that what allows them to do that is that they rotate around the magnetic field

[00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:35.000] To explain whatever you want to explain

[00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:27.000] And suddenly instead of an linear photon magnetic field to open

[00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:39.000] I mentioned that there are many different forms of photons

[00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:33.000] When they rotate around the magnetic field then the magnetic field of the particle is closed

[00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:45.000] And photons are electromagnetic radiation with an electric field

[00:10:33.000 --> 00:10:42.000] The closed magnetic field is much more stable than an open magnetic field and that's why most of the universe for example

[00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.000] And say I know a magnetic field perpendicular to it

[00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:52.000] I think the best estimate I've seen is one percentage radiation, the other 99% is protons troubling in circles

[00:09:49.000 --> 00:09:52.000] And the whole lot travels at the speed of light in the third dimension

[00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:55.000] Making two revolutions per wavelength

[00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:56.000] And there are many many variations of that

[00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:00.000] And it's for that that gives particles all their properties

[00:09:56.000 --> 00:10:00.000] So that's fine for energy radiation

[00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:10.000] Now if I may say this is a bit hairy fairy but it's been known for a long long time that you get a particle and an anti-particle you put them together

[00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.000] But how about matter particles?

[00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:18.000] Being two photons, but same time you get a photon and go and hit the target bank a particle and an anti-particle

[00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:08.000] Well matter particles are nothing more than photons of the appropriate wavelengths

[00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:25.000] Now that shows a relationship between the two that somehow both the people missed

[00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:14.000] Or appropriate energy making two revolutions to wavelengths

[00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:36.000] But what's the simplest relationship you can have? The simplest relationship is that a particle is opposed on making two revolutions in one direction

[00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:18.000] And when they do that what holds what allows them to do that

[00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:41.000] An anti-particle is the same particle making two revolutions in the other direction

[00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:22.000] Is that they rotate around the magnetic field

[00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:47.000] Put them together they are not because they have mass and have this thing called angular momentum

[00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:26.000] And suddenly instead of an linear photon magnetic field

[00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:55.000] Great Newtonian property but because mathematicians sort of didn't know what an electron was they called it a point party

[00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:28.000] They're open

[00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:04.000] Or you can't have angular momentum with a point particle so they call it spin and they wave all sorts of different things to make it seem as if they know what they're talking about

[00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:30.000] When they rotate around the magnetic field

[00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.000] This really just ain't got a momentum

[00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:32.000] Then the magnetic field of a particle is closed

[00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:11.000] And that's the relationship between mass and energy

[00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:38.000] And a closed magnetic field is much more stable than an open magnetic field

[00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:15.000] Energy is the photon zipping along with a speed of light

[00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:40.000] And that's why most of the universe for example

[00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:20.000] Mass is the same photon making two revolutions per wavelength

[00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:46.000] And less about I think the best estimates seen

[00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:23.000] That's how they can interchange so easily

[00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:52.000] The other 99% is photons troubling in circles

[00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:29.000] And that property gives particles all their properties including mass

[00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:54.000] Making two revolutions for wavelength

[00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:36.000] And one of the things that Einstein did work out in 1995

[00:10:54.000 --> 00:11:00.000] And it's for that that gives particles all their properties

[00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:43.000] Those little medical packets of electromagnetic energy he did work out that they carried momentum

[00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:06.000] Now if I may say this is a bit hairy very but it's been known for a long long time

[00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:47.000] Or carried inertia that had momentum that had mass

[00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:10.000] That you get a particle and an anti-particle and you put them together

[00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:54.000] I think I only shake my... I don't know why people want to prove Einstein wrong

[00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:12.000] Bing two photons

[00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:18.000] And at the same time you can get a photon and go and hit the target bang a particle and an anti-particle

[00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:26.000] Now that shows the relationship between the two that somehow both the people missed

[00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:30.000] But what's the simplest relationship you can have?

[00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:36.000] The simplest relationship is that a particle is a photon making two revolutions in one direction

[00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:40.000] And anti-particle is the same particle making two revolutions in the other direction

[00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:44.000] Put them together they are not because they have mass

[00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:46.000] They have this thing called angular momentum

[00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:50.000] Great Newtonian property

[00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:54.000] But because mathematicians sort of didn't know what an electron was

[00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:58.000] They called it a point-party or you can't have angular momentum or the point-party

[00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:02.000] So they call it spin and they wave all sorts of different things to make it

[00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:04.000] It seems as if they know what they're talking about

[00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.000] This really just angular momentum

[00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:12.000] And that's the relationship between mass and energy

[00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:16.000] Energy is the photon zipping along at the speed of light

[00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:20.000] Mass is the same photon making two revolutions per wavelength

[00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.000] That's how they can interchange so easily

[00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:30.000] And that property gives particles all their properties including mass

[00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:36.000] One of the things that Einstein did work out in 1995

[00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:40.000] There was little medical packet of electromagnetic energy

[00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:46.000] He did work out that they carried momentum or carried inertia that had momentum

[00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.000] They had mass

[00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:50.000] I think I only shake my...

[00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:54.000] I don't know why people want to prove Einstein wrong

[00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:56.000] photons have mass

[00:12:56.000 --> 00:13:02.000] Now I think the reason for this is that they think are Einstein's special relativity corrections

[00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:06.000] Anything troubling at the speed of light will have an infinite mass

[00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:04.000] Anything troubling at the speed of light

[00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:06.000] Love an infinite mass

[00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:12.000] The special relativity corrections only apply to photons with just spiraling

[00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:19.000] And the reason for that is about as complicated as the Pythagoras' theorem

[00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:16.000] And that's just the reason for that is

[00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:22.000] And what he was about 300 BC or something like that

[00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:20.000] It is about as complicated as the Pythagoras' theorem

[00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.000] Not difficult

[00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:22.000] And what he was a 300 BC or something

[00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:29.000] And so photons themselves always travel at the speed of light

[00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.000] I didn't want to be caught

[00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:37.000] And so the rotating photons, both on the rotating, are rotating also at the same speed of light

[00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:28.000] And so photons themselves always travel at the speed of light

[00:13:37.000 --> 00:13:41.000] And well that's one on half a gyroscope

[00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:36.000] And so the rotating photons, the rotating, are rotating also at the same speed of light

[00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:47.000] And that is what gives particles a spin, that's why E equals MC squared and four straight forward

[00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:40.000] And well that's one on hell of a gyroscope

[00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:48.000] There you go

[00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:46.000] And that is what gives particles a spin that's why E equals MC squared and for straight forward

[00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:49.000] Really well

[00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.000] There you go

[00:13:49.000 --> 00:13:56.000] So if we go back a little bit there where you're saying there's no wave nature

[00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:50.000] Really well

[00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:05.000] What about the double-sled experiment and other sorts of experiments that seem to show wave properties of particles other than photons?

[00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:56.000] So if we go back a little bit there where you're saying there's no wave nature

[00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:06.000] Particles

[00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:02.000] What about the double-slit experiment and other sort of experiments that seem to show wave properties

[00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:04.000] Of particles other than photons

[00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.000] Particles

[00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:10.000] The wind of the Royal worked out in 1925

[00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:15.000] But with photons it... well, photons behave like particles

[00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:12.000] But with photons, it...

[00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:17.000] And particles behave like photons

[00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:14.000] Well, photons behave like particles

[00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:20.000] And really there was completely true

[00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:16.000] And particles behave like photons

[00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:20.000] And I agree that it was completely true

[00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:26.000] The actual nature of the rotating photon generates the de Broglie wavelength

[00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:29.000] And it has all the right properties

[00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:28.000] And it has all the right properties

[00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:36.000] For me and to me Einstein's special and general relativity theories are relatively simple

[00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:36.000] For me and to me Einstein's special and general relativity theory is relatively simple

[00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:41.000] So that may be talking a little bit out of line here

[00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:40.000] So that may be talking a little bit out of line here

[00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:48.000] But the de Broglie wavelength is automatically generated by the particle as it moves

[00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:48.000] But the de Broglie wavelength is automatically generated by the particle as it moves

[00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:52.000] So it's not something that they hypothesize

[00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:55.000] And don't know what occurs

[00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:54.000] And don't know what occurs

[00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:58.000] They hypothesize that they measured it

[00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:58.000] They hypothesize that they measured it

[00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:00.000] But they don't know how it occurs

[00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:07.000] Well, it's quite a fairly straightforward but not at this level

[00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:08.000] Well, yeah, it's quite a straight forward but not at this level

[00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:11.000] What are the implications for this difference in understanding?

[00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:11.080] What are the implications for this difference in understanding?

[00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:17.000] So are there predictions that you would make that are different to the ones that people following the standard model would measure?

[00:15:11.080 --> 00:15:15.280] So are there predictions that you would make that are different to the ones

[00:15:17.000 --> 00:15:20.000] The standard model would make

[00:15:15.280 --> 00:15:18.880] that people following the standard model would make?

[00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:23.000] Oh, my standard is...

[00:15:18.880 --> 00:15:26.080] In other words, I think, probably the electron tumbling...

[00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:26.000] Probably the electron tumbling

[00:15:26.080 --> 00:15:28.520] Where electrons sit about right.

[00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:28.000] Well, electron to the barrier

[00:15:28.520 --> 00:15:31.880] That's got a very simple mechanical analogue.

[00:15:28.000 --> 00:15:32.000] That's got a very simple mechanical analog

[00:15:31.880 --> 00:15:36.560] The electrons are held, in what you call, very torque field.

[00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:37.000] The electrons are held in what's called a very torque field

[00:15:36.760 --> 00:15:41.000] Now, if you've got something coming up, you've got everything in a tight situation.

[00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:41.000] Now, if you've got something coming up, you've got everything in a tight situation

[00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:43.680] You've come something out and bang it at this end.

[00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:44.000] You've come something out and bang it at this end

[00:15:43.680 --> 00:15:48.080] You can do it with big billiard balls that'll transport through...

[00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:48.000] You can do it with big billiard balls, or trans-coarthraine

[00:15:48.080 --> 00:15:49.560] No, one will knock out.

[00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.000] You know, one will knock out

[00:15:49.560 --> 00:15:56.320] So what they call tunneling under this model, but in reality...

[00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.000] So what they call tumbling under this model

[00:15:56.320 --> 00:15:59.960] What they call tunneling is just really momentum exchange.

[00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:56.000] Or in reality

[00:15:59.960 --> 00:16:03.040] So that's a little bit like one of those hidden cradles

[00:15:56.000 --> 00:16:00.000] What they call tumbling is just really momentum exchange

[00:16:03.240 --> 00:16:09.320] where you've got the balls on all attached by a string or a chain

[00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:03.000] So that's a little bit like one of these hidden cradles

[00:16:09.320 --> 00:16:11.520] to a fork from over the top.

[00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:11.000] Where you've got the balls on all attached by a string or a chain to a fork from over the top

[00:16:11.520 --> 00:16:15.680] And one will hit the other one and transfer the momentum to the other one

[00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:15.000] And one will hit the other one and transfer the momentum to the other one

[00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:18.760] without actually transferring itself.

[00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.000] Without actually transferring itself

[00:16:18.760 --> 00:16:21.400] Yeah, you don't get...

[00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:21.000] Yeah, you don't get...

[00:16:21.400 --> 00:16:28.200] Electrons have wave properties, but you won't get an electron...

[00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:25.000] Electrons... you know, they have wave properties

[00:16:28.400 --> 00:16:36.280] The way the wave is in a very fixed position with respect to the electron.

[00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.000] Yes, but you won't get an electron tumbling

[00:16:36.280 --> 00:16:38.400] It's equal on either side of it.

[00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:36.000] The wave is in a very fixed position with respect to the electron

[00:16:38.400 --> 00:16:42.080] If they're tunneling theory to reflect,

[00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:38.000] It's equal on either side of it

[00:16:42.080 --> 00:16:46.880] then the lower the energy of the electron, the longer its wavelength,

[00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:42.000] If they're tumbling theory to reflect

[00:16:46.880 --> 00:16:50.480] therefore the easier it would be to tunnel.

[00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:47.000] Then they lower the energy of the electron, the longer its wavelength

[00:16:50.480 --> 00:16:55.000] However, in the energy transfer one, the higher the energy,

[00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:50.000] Therefore, the easier it would be to tumble

[00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:58.080] the greater probability it'll knock another electron out the other side.

[00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:56.000] However, in the energy transfer one, the higher the energy, the greater probability

[00:16:58.280 --> 00:17:00.080] It's a simple experiment to do.

[00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:58.000] And lock another electron out the other side

[00:17:00.080 --> 00:17:04.160] Just increase the energy of an electron coming up to a barrier

[00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:00.000] Or if the simple experiment to do

[00:17:04.160 --> 00:17:07.800] and see which ones come out the other end first.

[00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.000] Just increase the energy of an electron coming up to a barrier

[00:17:07.800 --> 00:17:11.200] Is anyone set up to do that?

[00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:08.000] And see which ones come out the other end first

[00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:13.440] Oh, anyone could set up to do it.

[00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:11.000] Is anyone set up to do that?

[00:17:13.440 --> 00:17:16.440] Well, a lot of laboratories could do it.

[00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:13.000] Oh, anyone could set up to do it

[00:17:16.440 --> 00:17:23.240] Well, that's so called tunneling effect is what they use in all of the microelectronic systems.

[00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:16.000] Well, a lot of laboratories could do it

[00:17:23.440 --> 00:17:28.720] It would be a very, very simple exercise to carry that

[00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:23.000] Well, that's so-called tumbling effect is what they use in all of the microelectronic systems

[00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:28.000] And it would be a very, very simple exercise to carry that out

[00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:35.000] They may well have done it in the mathematicians of turn around and added another factor

[00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:40.000] The standard thing they do when they don't get the right answer, they just add another factor

[00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:46.000] I can't do that, physical reality is physical reality, the end of story

[00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:50.000] I guess it's something to look up and see if someone's done those experiments

[00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.000] And what they do with the results

[00:17:53.000 --> 00:18:00.000] I think I'm sure it has been done on the result is that the higher the energy and the electron

[00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:05.000] The greater the probability of emerging on the other side of the barrier

[00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:13.000] And on the very much bigger scale are the differences in the way the universe looks for astronomy

[00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:16.000] Not as far as astronomy is concerned

[00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:20.000] What the astronomers see is what there is

[00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:25.000] No question though, they're brilliant because of the astronomers, most of the experimentalists

[00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:28.000] They're doing a exceedingly good job

[00:18:28.000 --> 00:18:33.000] The problem becomes in interpreting what they've seen

[00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:37.000] And when it comes to the whole universe for example

[00:18:37.000 --> 00:18:41.000] It's all based on Einstein's theory of gravity

[00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:43.000] Well, it should be

[00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:50.000] More advanced in Newton's inverse square, but for most practical purposes Newton's inverse square works quite well

[00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:59.000] The two situations where it doesn't work when the mass is so large like the mass of the Sun or the mass of the center of

[00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:04.0

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whisper_model_load: loading model
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whisper_model_load: adding 1608 extra tokens
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main: processing 'C:\Users\qianp\Downloads\whisper_build\bin\Release\diffusion2023-07-03.wav' (26718958 samples, 1669.9 sec), 4 threads, 1 processors, lang = en, task = transcribe, timestamps = 1 ...

[00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.000]   [Music]
[00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:07.000]   diffusion
[00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:09.000]   The International Science Radio Show
[00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:12.000]   We have a bouncer and the doors of perception
[00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:14.000]   [Music]
[00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:15.000]   The goods are bad to ugly
[00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:16.000]   It gets pretty exotic
[00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:18.000]   The myths, the truths
[00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:19.000]   [Music]
[00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:20.000]   Toxicology
[00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:21.000]   Astrocyzed mojito
[00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.000]   Magneticism
[00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:23.000]   The dark side
[00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:24.000]   Genetically engineered potatoes
[00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:25.000]   Plano Toid
[00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:26.000]   Plano Toid
[00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:27.000]   I love that word
[00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:29.000]   [Laughter]
[00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:32.000]   [Music]
[00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:34.000]   Hello and welcome to diffusion
[00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:37.000]   Sit back and relax while we stretch your brain
[00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.000]   With weird and wonderful science
[00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:41.000]   I'm Ian Wolf
[00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000]   On this edition Dr. Viv Robinson
[00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:45.000]   rewrites cosmology
[00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:48.000]   But first up, he is news of two massive galaxies
[00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000]   That might be older than the Big Bang
[00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.000]   [Music]
[00:00:52.000 --> 00:01:02.000]   [Music]
[00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:05.000]   [Music]
[00:01:05.000 --> 00:01:08.000]   Galaxies, too massive
[00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:12.000]   Astronomers from the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne
[00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:14.000]   Using the James Webb Space Telescope
[00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:16.000]   have observed six galaxies
[00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:20.000]   That formed in the Universe's first 700 million years
[00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000]   Appeared to be up to a hundred times more massive
[00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:27.000]   Than our best theories say can possibly exist
[00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.000]   Astronomers Ivo Labe
[00:01:29.000 --> 00:01:31.000]   And his colleagues
[00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:33.000]   Wrote in his paper
[00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:35.000]   Adding up the stars in those galaxies
[00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.000]   It would exceed the total amount of mass available in the Universe at that time
[00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:41.000]   There's too much mass
[00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.000]   Had not enough time for it to get together
[00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:48.000]   The galaxies must have had much longer than the 700 million years after the Big Bang
[00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.000]   That our standard model of the Universe gives them
[00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:53.000]   And the Universe must have had more mass available
[00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:57.000]   Or galaxies must form differently than what we think
[00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:01.000]   The Big Bang is currently thought to have started everything
[00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:04.000]   13.77 billion years ago
[00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:06.000]   And these galaxies
[00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:10.000]   We're watching them at 0.77 billion years ago
[00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:12.000]   Because they're so far away
[00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:15.000]   Galaxies are thought to accumulate gas
[00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:19.000]   Moved together by giant clumps of dark matter in their region
[00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:25.000]   Generally, only about 10% of the gas in the galaxy ignites to make a star
[00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:29.000]   For galaxies and there are motors parts of the Universe where the gas is thin
[00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:34.000]   It takes a long time to accumulate this much gas for this many stars
[00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:38.000]   These six galaxies, however, have so many stars
[00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:41.000]   Adding up to so much mass
[00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:47.000]   That all of the gas in each galaxy had to have become 100% converted into stars
[00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:52.000]   In the 700 million years since the Universe started in the Big Bang
[00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:56.000]   Under our current understanding, this is impossible
[00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:00.000]   It suggests something in our understanding of the cosmos is wrong
[00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:06.000]   Are we wrong about how to calculate astronomical masses, galaxy formation, dark matter
[00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:09.000]   And the Big Bang and the age of the Universe
[00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:17.000]   An astronomer from the Cosmic Dawn Centre in Denmark used the James Webb telescope to look at closer galaxies
[00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:24.000]   And then used the very high resolution of that telescope to calculate the mass more precisely with a different method
[00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:29.000]   And found that these galaxies are 3 to 10 times more massive than we previously thought
[00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:35.000]   Applying this more accurate technique to the six galaxies that are 13 billion light years away
[00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:38.000]   Would increase their mass
[00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:43.000]   Which makes it much worse than what we thought
[00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:51.000]   The paper was titled "A Population of Red Candidate Massive Galaxies" approximately 600 million years after the Big Bang
[00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:54.000]   And was published in the journal Nature
[00:03:54.000 --> 00:04:10.000]   [Music]
[00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.000]   You're listening to AirWolf on diffusion science radio
[00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:18.000]   Send emails to science@diffusionradio.com
[00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:27.000]   And send them all to you across Australia on the community radio network and podcast over the internet on www.diffusionradio.com
[00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:30.000]   Challenging Physics
[00:04:30.000 --> 00:04:34.000]   Newton said everything is either a particle or a wave
[00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:37.000]   Faraday and Maxwell added fields
[00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:39.000]   Einstein added space time
[00:04:39.000 --> 00:04:46.000]   Quantum physics says everything is made of quantum which have the properties of both waves and particles but is neither
[00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:53.000]   Quantum mechanics has no explanation for gravity and relativity doesn't account for the quantum world
[00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:57.000]   There's a contradiction between our most basic explanations of the universe
[00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:06.000]   Dr. Viv Robinson was the first person to create a physical explanation of Einstein's gravity in a paper published in the journal Physics Communications
[00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:13.000]   He's made corrections to people's extensions of Einstein's mathematics and has a different way to interpret those mathematics
[00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:19.000]   There gives a different picture of the age of the universe and a different way of looking at how the physics works
[00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:23.000]   From the standard model of quantum physics to Big Bang cosmology
[00:05:23.000 --> 00:05:27.000]   Everything including you and me is made of light
[00:05:27.000 --> 00:05:30.000]   It's a very big and very bold claim
[00:05:30.000 --> 00:05:35.000]   I spoke to Dr. Viv Robinson by Zoom and began by asking him
[00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:38.000]   What is the universe made of?
[00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:47.000]   And the whole stuff of the universe or the entity I won't call it items because one of them is absolutely nothing
[00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:53.000]   The first thing to do is all the mass and all the energy is made up of photons
[00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:56.000]   There are little packets of electromagnetic energy
[00:05:56.000 --> 00:06:01.000]   Hostulated by Maxwell and Planck and proven by Einstein
[00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:10.000]   They come in many different sizes, shapes of which make the they make up all the mass and energy of the universe
[00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:15.000]   The volume is made up by empty space, absolutely nothing
[00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:19.000]   But it's the properties of the space that are important
[00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:26.000]   The first most important property is that can transmit photons, electromagnetic radiation
[00:06:26.000 --> 00:06:33.000]   It does this through two of its properties, electric permittivity and magnetic permeability
[00:06:33.000 --> 00:06:39.000]   And it's those properties which then transmit all of the fields
[00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:41.000]   So that's really all it is
[00:06:41.000 --> 00:06:50.000]   There are just the only two stars and I call them all because the photos are physical things and spaces just the absence of everything
[00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:55.000]   But it's property, it's properties are what is important about it
[00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:01.000]   And that's a little bit different to what you might hear from a quantum physics class
[00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:08.000]   Where they talk about space being full of virtual particles coming into an out of existence that it's not totally empty
[00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:14.000]   Or sometimes they say it's full of fields, the fields of every forces in there and things are coming up all the time
[00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:19.000]   So if you go very fast you'll interact with the fields, all the virtual particles and you'll get radiation
[00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:31.000]   Yes, well the unfortunate part is that physics is doing exceedingly well under Newtonian mechanics and exceedingly well under Maxwell's mechanics
[00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:38.000]   But as things get smaller and smaller, you get to a stage where things aren't continuous
[00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:44.000]   I mean you didn't work with anything that's continuous but eventually you get to a stage where
[00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:50.000]   You know, a droplet of water is fine, it has service tension, evaporating left with one molecular water
[00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:54.000]   That doesn't behave the same as bulk water
[00:07:54.000 --> 00:08:01.000]   And into that molecule you go hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, they behave nothing like water
[00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:07.000]   And then you get, well they're made up, proton neutrons and electrons and they have completely different properties from bulk water
[00:08:07.000 --> 00:08:11.000]   So quantum mechanics, things get quantized
[00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:19.000]   You get the smallest quantity you can get and that has very very different properties from the bulk
[00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:29.000]   And what has happened in the past is that the early on in quantum mechanics, the Batman like Dirac and Shrew to get
[00:08:29.000 --> 00:08:33.000]   They didn't know what the structure was and electron was
[00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:43.000]   They knew it was, it had waged properties and so all I did was they attributed it to a waged property to it
[00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:52.000]   Now waves have the advantage over particles, you can manipulate them almost forever with all sorts of different transforms
[00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:55.000]   Until you get the answer you want
[00:08:55.000 --> 00:09:06.000]   And that gave some confidence to quantum mechanics guys that yes waves work and they've been using that forever
[00:09:06.000 --> 00:09:12.000]   And all I'm saying no, no, no, no, everything is particles
[00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:20.000]   And the particles have specific properties and you can't manipulate those properties, well you can do a certain extent
[00:09:20.000 --> 00:09:29.000]   They are what they are and it's when you know what those properties are that the whole quantum mechanics becomes much simpler
[00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:36.000]   You don't need any of that homies of stuff to get to explain whatever you want to explain
[00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:45.000]   I mentioned that there are many different forms of protons and protons are electromagnetic radiation with an electric field
[00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:52.000]   And they are magnetic field perpendicular to it and the whole lot traveled and the speed of light in the third dimension
[00:09:52.000 --> 00:10:00.000]   There are many variations of that so that's fine for energy radiation
[00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:03.000]   But how about matter particles?
[00:10:03.000 --> 00:10:08.000]   Well matter particles are nothing more than protons of the appropriate wavelengths
[00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:22.000]   Or appropriate energy making two revolutions to wavelengths and when they do that what allows them to do that is that they rotate around the magnetic field
[00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:27.000]   And suddenly instead of an linear photon magnetic field to open
[00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:33.000]   When they rotate around the magnetic field then the magnetic field of the particle is closed
[00:10:33.000 --> 00:10:42.000]   The closed magnetic field is much more stable than an open magnetic field and that's why most of the universe for example
[00:10:42.000 --> 00:10:52.000]   I think the best estimate I've seen is one percentage radiation, the other 99% is protons troubling in circles
[00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:55.000]   Making two revolutions per wavelength
[00:10:55.000 --> 00:11:00.000]   And it's for that that gives particles all their properties
[00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:10.000]   Now if I may say this is a bit hairy fairy but it's been known for a long long time that you get a particle and an anti-particle you put them together
[00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:18.000]   Being two photons, but same time you get a photon and go and hit the target bank a particle and an anti-particle
[00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:25.000]   Now that shows a relationship between the two that somehow both the people missed
[00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:36.000]   But what's the simplest relationship you can have? The simplest relationship is that a particle is opposed on making two revolutions in one direction
[00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:41.000]   An anti-particle is the same particle making two revolutions in the other direction
[00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:47.000]   Put them together they are not because they have mass and have this thing called angular momentum
[00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:55.000]   Great Newtonian property but because mathematicians sort of didn't know what an electron was they called it a point party
[00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:04.000]   Or you can't have angular momentum with a point particle so they call it spin and they wave all sorts of different things to make it seem as if they know what they're talking about
[00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.000]   This really just ain't got a momentum
[00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:11.000]   And that's the relationship between mass and energy
[00:12:11.000 --> 00:12:15.000]   Energy is the photon zipping along with a speed of light
[00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:20.000]   Mass is the same photon making two revolutions per wavelength
[00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:23.000]   That's how they can interchange so easily
[00:12:23.000 --> 00:12:29.000]   And that property gives particles all their properties including mass
[00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:36.000]   And one of the things that Einstein did work out in 1995
[00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:43.000]   Those little medical packets of electromagnetic energy he did work out that they carried momentum
[00:12:43.000 --> 00:12:47.000]   Or carried inertia that had momentum that had mass
[00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:54.000]   I think I only shake my... I don't know why people want to prove Einstein wrong
[00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:56.000]   photons have mass
[00:12:56.000 --> 00:13:02.000]   Now I think the reason for this is that they think are Einstein's special relativity corrections
[00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:06.000]   Anything troubling at the speed of light will have an infinite mass
[00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:12.000]   The special relativity corrections only apply to photons with just spiraling
[00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:19.000]   And the reason for that is about as complicated as the Pythagoras' theorem
[00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:22.000]   And what he was about 300 BC or something like that
[00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.000]   Not difficult
[00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:29.000]   And so photons themselves always travel at the speed of light
[00:13:29.000 --> 00:13:37.000]   And so the rotating photons, both on the rotating, are rotating also at the same speed of light
[00:13:37.000 --> 00:13:41.000]   And well that's one on half a gyroscope
[00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:47.000]   And that is what gives particles a spin, that's why E equals MC squared and four straight forward
[00:13:47.000 --> 00:13:48.000]   There you go
[00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:49.000]   Really well
[00:13:49.000 --> 00:13:56.000]   So if we go back a little bit there where you're saying there's no wave nature
[00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:05.000]   What about the double-sled experiment and other sorts of experiments that seem to show wave properties of particles other than photons?
[00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:06.000]   Particles
[00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:10.000]   The wind of the Royal worked out in 1925
[00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:15.000]   But with photons it... well, photons behave like particles
[00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:17.000]   And particles behave like photons
[00:14:17.000 --> 00:14:20.000]   And really there was completely true
[00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:26.000]   The actual nature of the rotating photon generates the de Broglie wavelength
[00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:29.000]   And it has all the right properties
[00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:36.000]   For me and to me Einstein's special and general relativity theories are relatively simple
[00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:41.000]   So that may be talking a little bit out of line here
[00:14:41.000 --> 00:14:48.000]   But the de Broglie wavelength is automatically generated by the particle as it moves
[00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:52.000]   So it's not something that they hypothesize
[00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:55.000]   And don't know what occurs
[00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:58.000]   They hypothesize that they measured it
[00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:00.000]   But they don't know how it occurs
[00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:07.000]   Well, it's quite a fairly straightforward but not at this level
[00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:11.000]   What are the implications for this difference in understanding?
[00:15:11.000 --> 00:15:17.000]   So are there predictions that you would make that are different to the ones that people following the standard model would measure?
[00:15:17.000 --> 00:15:20.000]   The standard model would make
[00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:23.000]   Oh, my standard is...
[00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:26.000]   Probably the electron tumbling
[00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:28.000]   Well, electron to the barrier
[00:15:28.000 --> 00:15:32.000]   That's got a very simple mechanical analog
[00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:37.000]   The electrons are held in what's called a very torque field
[00:15:37.000 --> 00:15:41.000]   Now, if you've got something coming up, you've got everything in a tight situation
[00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:44.000]   You've come something out and bang it at this end
[00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:48.000]   You can do it with big billiard balls, or trans-coarthraine
[00:15:48.000 --> 00:15:50.000]   You know, one will knock out
[00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.000]   So what they call tumbling under this model
[00:15:54.000 --> 00:15:56.000]   Or in reality
[00:15:56.000 --> 00:16:00.000]   What they call tumbling is just really momentum exchange
[00:16:00.000 --> 00:16:03.000]   So that's a little bit like one of these hidden cradles
[00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:11.000]   Where you've got the balls on all attached by a string or a chain to a fork from over the top
[00:16:11.000 --> 00:16:15.000]   And one will hit the other one and transfer the momentum to the other one
[00:16:15.000 --> 00:16:19.000]   Without actually transferring itself
[00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:21.000]   Yeah, you don't get...
[00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:25.000]   Electrons... you know, they have wave properties
[00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.000]   Yes, but you won't get an electron tumbling
[00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:36.000]   The wave is in a very fixed position with respect to the electron
[00:16:36.000 --> 00:16:38.000]   It's equal on either side of it
[00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:42.000]   If they're tumbling theory to reflect
[00:16:42.000 --> 00:16:47.000]   Then they lower the energy of the electron, the longer its wavelength
[00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:50.000]   Therefore, the easier it would be to tumble
[00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:56.000]   However, in the energy transfer one, the higher the energy, the greater probability
[00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:58.000]   And lock another electron out the other side
[00:16:58.000 --> 00:17:00.000]   Or if the simple experiment to do
[00:17:00.000 --> 00:17:04.000]   Just increase the energy of an electron coming up to a barrier
[00:17:04.000 --> 00:17:08.000]   And see which ones come out the other end first
[00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:11.000]   Is anyone set up to do that?
[00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:13.000]   Oh, anyone could set up to do it
[00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:16.000]   Well, a lot of laboratories could do it
[00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:23.000]   Well, that's so-called tumbling effect is what they use in all of the microelectronic systems
[00:17:23.000 --> 00:17:28.000]   And it would be a very, very simple exercise to carry that out
[00:17:28.000 --> 00:17:35.000]   They may well have done it in the mathematicians of turn around and added another factor
[00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:40.000]   The standard thing they do when they don't get the right answer, they just add another factor
[00:17:40.000 --> 00:17:46.000]   I can't do that, physical reality is physical reality, the end of story
[00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:50.000]   I guess it's something to look up and see if someone's done those experiments
[00:17:50.000 --> 00:17:53.000]   And what they do with the results
[00:17:53.000 --> 00:18:00.000]   I think I'm sure it has been done on the result is that the higher the energy and the electron
[00:18:00.000 --> 00:18:05.000]   The greater the probability of emerging on the other side of the barrier
[00:18:05.000 --> 00:18:13.000]   And on the very much bigger scale are the differences in the way the universe looks for astronomy
[00:18:13.000 --> 00:18:16.000]   Not as far as astronomy is concerned
[00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:20.000]   What the astronomers see is what there is
[00:18:20.000 --> 00:18:25.000]   No question though, they're brilliant because of the astronomers, most of the experimentalists
[00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:28.000]   They're doing a exceedingly good job
[00:18:28.000 --> 00:18:33.000]   The problem becomes in interpreting what they've seen
[00:18:33.000 --> 00:18:37.000]   And when it comes to the whole universe for example
[00:18:37.000 --> 00:18:41.000]   It's all based on Einstein's theory of gravity
[00:18:41.000 --> 00:18:43.000]   Well, it should be
[00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:50.000]   More advanced in Newton's inverse square, but for most practical purposes Newton's inverse square works quite well
[00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:59.000]   The two situations where it doesn't work when the mass is so large like the mass of the Sun or the mass of the center of
[00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:04.000]   Sagittarius A with a planet or star S2 going around it
[00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:07.000]   And that's one situation
[00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:15.000]   The reason why a planet or my Mercury's orbit pre-curses in its direction of travel
[00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:22.000]   Is simply that when gravity is strong enough gravity actually becomes weak in the inverse square
[00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:28.000]   And that's one of the things you get when you solve our own science gravity very accurately
[00:19:28.000 --> 00:19:30.000]   It becomes weak in the inverse square
[00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:33.000]   Now when it's weak in the inverse square
[00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:39.000]   Mercury travels a little bit closer to the Sun and is attracted by a slightly stronger force
[00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:44.000]   So it'll arrive back at a perihelion point a little later
[00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:48.000]   And it'll pre-curses in its direction of travel
[00:19:48.000 --> 00:19:51.000]   And Newton pointed that out in 1687
[00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:55.000]   So I don't know why they didn't sort of work it out correctly
[00:19:55.000 --> 00:20:01.000]   But gravity is weak in the inverse square is the solution to our own science gravity
[00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:11.000]   And the other thing is that when gravity is an infinite steady state universe under Newton's theory of gravity inverse square
[00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:22.000]   It will collapse the reason being that relatively univers density mass increases as our cubed gravity decreases as our squared
[00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:29.000]   Eventually you get to the stage where gravity just dominates a mass and it collapses
[00:20:29.000 --> 00:20:38.000]   And gravity is weak in the inverse square and I just tried to show you that Mercury is pre-cursing all but because the Sun's gravity is weak in the inverse square
[00:20:38.000 --> 00:20:40.000]   All that applies to all gravity
[00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:46.000]   And nothing special about our Sun except that's keeping all us alive on this
[00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:50.000]   And when you have an infinite steady state universe
[00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:53.000]   If gravity is weak in the inverse squares
[00:20:53.000 --> 00:21:04.000]   It's a fact it's relatively weaker over long distances and I'm talking typically 10 billion light years or something like that maybe more
[00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:09.000]   But that means an infinite steady state universe won collapse
[00:21:09.000 --> 00:21:11.000]   That's a huge huge difference
[00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:16.000]   That's the biggest thing mind you what differences are made to us here on earth
[00:21:16.000 --> 00:21:25.000]   If angel web has seen galaxies fully born galaxies 20 billion light years away, that makes crap a difference to us
[00:21:25.000 --> 00:21:30.000]   But as far as understanding how the universe works
[00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:38.000]   That mistake and the simple mistake that they the moral mathematicians were made
[00:21:38.000 --> 00:21:43.000]   Einstein introduced approximations he couldn't solve the gravity exactly himself
[00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:48.000]   I have no problem solving his his brother exactly
[00:21:48.000 --> 00:21:54.000]   But he introduced the approximation that 1 over 1 plus x
[00:21:54.000 --> 00:21:57.000]   Approximately equals 1 minus x
[00:21:57.000 --> 00:22:02.000]   You know when x is 10 to the minus 7 of which is more 10 to the minus 8
[00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:04.000]   That's a good approximation
[00:22:04.000 --> 00:22:08.000]   I mean you just read his paper he says so
[00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:14.000]   And you read the mathematics you don't even you can read the German version look at the mathematics he says so
[00:22:14.000 --> 00:22:18.000]   And you just work it out and that was the difference
[00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:22.000]   So all of their exact solutions to Einstein's gravity
[00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:29.000]   They took where he used the approximate he derived a figure from 1 plus 1 over x the equivalent of that
[00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:34.000]   And then he rather than do that he equated to 1 minus x
[00:22:34.000 --> 00:22:41.000]   Which is which is true you know 1 plus 1 million is 999 million
[00:22:41.000 --> 00:22:45.000]   Why they did it on idea?
[00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:48.000]   Mind you it'd be interesting trying to find out why
[00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:54.000]   I think it's the mathematician of repute says one thing
[00:22:54.000 --> 00:23:00.000]   I will agree that I'm my first reading the Einstein's relativity theory
[00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:07.000]   You think oh my god really could he could he understand that then you get any time
[00:23:07.000 --> 00:23:12.000]   It's not that difficult nothing most of them had a solution
[00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:18.000]   Now somebody came up with a solution to Einstein's gravity and everybody just followed it and nobody
[00:23:18.000 --> 00:23:22.000]   And this is the big thing and I always stress to everybody
[00:23:22.000 --> 00:23:26.000]   Don't take somebody's word for go back and check
[00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:34.000]   Be original your soul and a few times people have made terrible terrible mistakes
[00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:40.000]   But this is probably the biggest one the whole field of cosmology sorry
[00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.000]   Astronomy you guys are great
[00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:48.000]   Thanks Uncle Sam for providing us with all this information
[00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:52.000]   That was part one of my interview with Dr. Viv Robinson
[00:23:52.000 --> 00:23:56.000]   You heard Viv say that matter is made of photons moving in circles
[00:23:56.000 --> 00:24:03.000]   Physicists took Einstein's approximations as gospel instead of using the exact solutions available with later mathematics
[00:24:03.000 --> 00:24:09.000]   Gravity changes to be weaker over distances and the universe isn't expanding
[00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:12.000]   Listen next week for part two
[00:24:12.000 --> 00:24:17.000]   If you have any questions for Dr. Robinson he'd love to answer them on the show
[00:24:17.000 --> 00:24:21.000]   So send your questions to science@diffusionradio.com
[00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:25.000]   If you're in Darlinghurst this Wednesday night the 5th of July
[00:24:25.000 --> 00:24:31.000]   I will be part of the lineup of scientists speaking at future science talks at the East Village
[00:24:31.000 --> 00:24:37.000]   Go to www.futuresciencetalks.com.au to grab a ticket and come up and say hello
[00:24:37.000 --> 00:24:43.000]   And if you can't make it Wednesday night I'll keep you posted on some future talks I'll be giving
[00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:46.000]   And that's all from us this week on diffusion
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[00:25:20.000 --> 00:25:25.000]   The news music was rhinos themed by Kevin McLeod of Incompetect.com
[00:25:25.000 --> 00:25:32.000]   I produce diffusion which is broadcast around Australia to 28 stations on the community radio network including
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[00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:46.000]   I'm Ian Wolf. Join us inside your audio device of choice for more science-wondering
[00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:50.000]   next week on diffusion science radio
[00:26:50.000 --> 00:26:55.000]   Science is fun. It helps you to learn, to know and to appreciate.
[00:26:55.000 --> 00:26:58.000]   When you study science you may go on field trips.
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[00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:06.000]   [Music]
[00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:07.000]   diffusion
[00:00:07.000 --> 00:00:09.000]   The International Science Radio Show
[00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:12.000]   We have a bouncer and the doors of perception
[00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:14.000]   [Music]
[00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:15.000]   The goods are bad to ugly
[00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:16.000]   It gets pretty exotic
[00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:18.000]   The myths, the truths
[00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:19.000]   [Music]
[00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:20.000]   Toxicology
[00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:21.000]   Astrocyzed mojito
[00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:22.000]   Magneticism, the dark side
[00:00:22.000 --> 00:00:24.000]   Genetically engineered potatoes
[00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:25.000]   Plano Toid
[00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:26.000]   Plano Toid
[00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:27.000]   I love that word
[00:00:27.000 --> 00:00:29.000]   [Laughter]
[00:00:29.000 --> 00:00:32.000]   [Music]
[00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:34.000]   Hello and welcome to diffusion
[00:00:34.000 --> 00:00:37.000]   Sit back and relax while we stretch your brain
[00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.000]   with weird and wonderful science
[00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:41.000]   I'm Ian Wolf
[00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000]   On this edition, Dr. Viv Robinson
[00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:45.000]   rewrites cosmology
[00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:48.000]   But first up, he is news of two massive galaxies
[00:00:48.000 --> 00:00:50.000]   that might be older than the Big Bang
[00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:52.000]   [Music]
[00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:57.000]   [Music]
[00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:02.000]   [Music]
[00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:06.000]   [Music]
[00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:08.000]   Galaxies, too massive
[00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:12.000]   Astronomers from the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne
[00:01:12.000 --> 00:01:14.000]   using the James Webb Space Telescope
[00:01:14.000 --> 00:01:16.000]   have observed six galaxies
[00:01:16.000 --> 00:01:20.000]   that formed in the Universe's first 700 million years
[00:01:20.000 --> 00:01:24.000]   appeared to be up to a hundred times more massive
[00:01:24.000 --> 00:01:27.000]   than our best theories say can possibly exist
[00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:31.000]   Astronomers Ivo Labe and his colleagues
[00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:33.000]   wrote in his paper
[00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:35.000]   "Adding up the stars in those galaxies
[00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:39.000]   it would exceed the total amount of mass available in the Universe at that time
[00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:41.000]   There's too much mass
[00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.000]   and not enough time for it to get together
[00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:48.000]   The galaxies must have had much longer than the 700 million years after the Big Bang
[00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:50.000]   that our standard model of the Universe gives them
[00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:53.000]   and the Universe must have had more mass available
[00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:57.000]   or galaxies must form differently than what we think
[00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:01.000]   The Big Bang is currently thought to have started everything
[00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:04.000]   13.77 billion years ago
[00:02:04.000 --> 00:02:06.000]   And these galaxies
[00:02:06.000 --> 00:02:10.000]   we're watching them at 0.77 billion years ago
[00:02:10.000 --> 00:02:12.000]   because they're so far away
[00:02:12.000 --> 00:02:15.000]   Galaxies are thought to accumulate gas
[00:02:15.000 --> 00:02:19.000]   moved together by giant clumps of dark matter in their region
[00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:25.000]   Generally, only about 10% of the gas in the galaxy ignites to make a star
[00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:29.000]   For galaxies and there are motors parts of the Universe where the gas is thin
[00:02:29.000 --> 00:02:32.000]   it takes a long time to accumulate this much gas
[00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000]   for this many stars
[00:02:34.000 --> 00:02:38.000]   These six galaxies, however, have so many stars
[00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:41.000]   adding up to so much mass
[00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:47.000]   that all of the gas in each galaxy had to have become 100% converted into stars
[00:02:47.000 --> 00:02:52.000]   in the 700 million years since the Universe started in the Big Bang
[00:02:52.000 --> 00:02:56.000]   Under our current understanding, this is impossible
[00:02:56.000 --> 00:03:00.000]   It suggests something in our understanding of the cosmos is wrong
[00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:06.000]   Are we wrong about how to calculate astronomical masses, galaxy formation, dark matter
[00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:09.000]   and the Big Bang and the age of the Universe
[00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:13.000]   An astronomer from the Cosmic Dawn Centre in Denmark
[00:03:13.000 --> 00:03:17.000]   used the James Webb telescope to look at closer galaxies
[00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:20.000]   and then used the very high resolution of that telescope
[00:03:20.000 --> 00:03:24.000]   to calculate the mass more precisely with a different method
[00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:29.000]   and found that these galaxies are 3 to 10 times more massive than we previously thought
[00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:35.000]   Applying this more accurate technique to the six galaxies that are 13 billion light years away
[00:03:35.000 --> 00:03:37.000]   would increase their mass
[00:03:37.000 --> 00:03:42.000]   which makes it much worse than what we thought
[00:03:42.000 --> 00:03:47.000]   The paper was titled "A Population of Red Candidate Massive Galaxies"
[00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:51.000]   approximately 600 million years after the Big Bang
[00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:53.000]   and was published in the journal Nature
[00:03:53.000 --> 00:04:10.000]   [Music]
[00:04:10.000 --> 00:04:14.000]   You're listening to AirWolf on diffusion science radio
[00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:17.000]   send emails to science@diffusionradio.com
[00:04:17.000 --> 00:04:21.000]   We're brought to you across Australia on the Community Radio Network
[00:04:21.000 --> 00:04:27.000]   and podcast over the internet on www.diffusionradio.com
[00:04:27.000 --> 00:04:29.000]   Challenging Physics
[00:04:29.000 --> 00:04:34.000]   Newton said everything is either a particle or a wave
[00:04:34.000 --> 00:04:36.000]   Faraday and Maxwell added fields
[00:04:36.000 --> 00:04:38.000]   Einstein added space time
[00:04:38.000 --> 00:04:42.000]   Quantum physics says everything is made of quantum
[00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:46.000]   which have the properties of both waves and particles but is neither
[00:04:46.000 --> 00:04:49.000]   Quantum mechanics has no explanation for gravity
[00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:53.000]   and relativity doesn't account for the quantum world
[00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:57.000]   There's a contradiction between our most basic explanations of the universe
[00:04:57.000 --> 00:05:02.000]   Dr. Viv Robinson was the first person to create a physical explanation of Einstein's gravity
[00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:06.000]   in a paper published in the journal Physics Communications
[00:05:06.000 --> 00:05:10.000]   He's made corrections to people's extensions of Einstein's mathematics
[00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:13.000]   and has a different way to interpret those mathematics
[00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:16.000]   that gives a different picture of the age of the universe
[00:05:16.000 --> 00:05:19.000]   and a different way of looking at how the physics works
[00:05:19.000 --> 00:05:24.000]   From the standard model of quantum physics to big bang cosmology
[00:05:24.000 --> 00:05:28.000]   Everything including you and me is made of light
[00:05:28.000 --> 00:05:31.000]   It's a very big and very bold claim
[00:05:31.000 --> 00:05:35.000]   I spoke to Dr. Viv Robinson by Zoom and began by asking him
[00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:38.000]   What is the universe made of?
[00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:43.000]   Oh, stop of the universe or entity
[00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:47.000]   I won't call it items because one of them is absolutely nothing
[00:05:47.000 --> 00:05:51.000]   The first thing to do is all the mass and all the energy
[00:05:51.000 --> 00:05:53.000]   is made up of photons
[00:05:53.000 --> 00:05:56.000]   There are little packets of electromagnetic energy
[00:05:56.000 --> 00:06:01.000]   Hostulated by Maxwell and Planck and proven by Einstein
[00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:05.000]   They come in many different sizes, shapes of matter
[00:06:05.000 --> 00:06:10.000]   which make up all the mass and energy of the universe
[00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:15.000]   The volume is made up by empty space, absolutely nothing
[00:06:15.000 --> 00:06:19.000]   But it's the properties of the space that are important
[00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:24.000]   The first most important property is that can transmit photons
[00:06:24.000 --> 00:06:27.000]   electromagnetic radiation
[00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:30.000]   It does this through two of its properties
[00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:34.000]   Electric permutivity and magnetic permeability
[00:06:34.000 --> 00:06:39.000]   And it's those properties which then transmit all of the fields
[00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:42.000]   So that's really all it is
[00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:44.000]   There are just the only two stars
[00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:48.000]   And I call them all big as the photos are physical things
[00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:50.000]   And space is just the absence of everything
[00:06:50.000 --> 00:06:52.000]   But it's property
[00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:55.000]   It's properties are what is important about it
[00:06:55.000 --> 00:07:01.000]   And that's a little bit different to what you might hear from a quantum physics class
[00:07:01.000 --> 00:07:04.000]   Where they talk about space being full of virtual particles
[00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:08.000]   Coming into an out of existence that it's not totally empty
[00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:10.000]   Or sometimes they say it's full of fields
[00:07:10.000 --> 00:07:12.000]   The fields of every forces in there
[00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:14.000]   And things are coming up all the time
[00:07:14.000 --> 00:07:17.000]   So if you go very fast you'll interact with the fields
[00:07:17.000 --> 00:07:19.000]   All the virtual particles and you'll get radiation
[00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:27.000]   Yes, well the unfortunate part is that physics is doing exceedingly well under Newtonian mechanics
[00:07:27.000 --> 00:07:32.000]   And exceedingly well under Maxwell's mechanics
[00:07:32.000 --> 00:07:34.000]   But as things get smaller and smaller
[00:07:34.000 --> 00:07:38.000]   You get to a stage where things aren't continuous
[00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:42.000]   I mean Newton's work will anything that's continuous
[00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:44.000]   But eventually you get to a stage where you know
[00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:50.000]   Drop a water, respond at a service tension evaporating left with one molecular water
[00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:54.000]   That doesn't behave the same as bulk water
[00:07:54.000 --> 00:07:58.000]   And into that molecule you go hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms
[00:07:58.000 --> 00:08:01.000]   They behave nothing like water
[00:08:01.000 --> 00:08:05.000]   And then you get well they're made up proton neutrons and electrons
[00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:07.000]   And they have completely different properties from bulk water
[00:08:07.000 --> 00:08:11.000]   So quantum mechanics, things get quantized
[00:08:11.000 --> 00:08:15.000]   You get the smallest quantity you can get
[00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.000]   And that has very very different properties from the bulk
[00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:27.000]   And what has happened in the past is that the early on in quantum mechanics
[00:08:27.000 --> 00:08:33.000]   And men like Dirac and Shrewd again, they didn't know what the structure was and electron was
[00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:37.000]   Although they knew it was
[00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:39.000]   It had waged properties
[00:08:39.000 --> 00:08:43.000]   And so all they did was they attributed it to a waged property to it
[00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:47.000]   Now waves have the advantage over particles
[00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:52.000]   You can manipulate them almost forever with all sorts of different transforms
[00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:55.000]   Until you get the answer you want
[00:08:55.000 --> 00:09:01.000]   And that gave some confidence to quantum mechanics guys
[00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:05.000]   That yes waves work and they've been using that forever
[00:09:05.000 --> 00:09:07.000]   And all I'm saying no no no no no
[00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:11.000]   Everything is particles
[00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:15.000]   And the particles have specific properties
[00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:19.000]   And you can't manipulate those properties or you can do a certain extent
[00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:23.000]   But they are what they are
[00:09:23.000 --> 00:09:25.000]   And when you know what those properties are
[00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:29.000]   That the whole quantum mechanics becomes much simpler
[00:09:29.000 --> 00:09:33.000]   You don't need any of that homies of stuff to get
[00:09:33.000 --> 00:09:35.000]   To explain whatever you want to explain
[00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:39.000]   I mentioned that there are many different forms of photons
[00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:45.000]   And photons are electromagnetic radiation with an electric field
[00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:49.000]   And say I know a magnetic field perpendicular to it
[00:09:49.000 --> 00:09:52.000]   And the whole lot travels at the speed of light in the third dimension
[00:09:52.000 --> 00:09:56.000]   And there are many many variations of that
[00:09:56.000 --> 00:10:00.000]   So that's fine for energy radiation
[00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:04.000]   But how about matter particles?
[00:10:04.000 --> 00:10:08.000]   Well matter particles are nothing more than photons of the appropriate wavelengths
[00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:14.000]   Or appropriate energy making two revolutions to wavelengths
[00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:18.000]   And when they do that what holds what allows them to do that
[00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:22.000]   Is that they rotate around the magnetic field
[00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:26.000]   And suddenly instead of an linear photon magnetic field
[00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:28.000]   They're open
[00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:30.000]   When they rotate around the magnetic field
[00:10:30.000 --> 00:10:32.000]   Then the magnetic field of a particle is closed
[00:10:32.000 --> 00:10:38.000]   And a closed magnetic field is much more stable than an open magnetic field
[00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:40.000]   And that's why most of the universe for example
[00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:46.000]   And less about I think the best estimates seen
[00:10:46.000 --> 00:10:52.000]   The other 99% is photons troubling in circles
[00:10:52.000 --> 00:10:54.000]   Making two revolutions for wavelength
[00:10:54.000 --> 00:11:00.000]   And it's for that that gives particles all their properties
[00:11:00.000 --> 00:11:06.000]   Now if I may say this is a bit hairy very but it's been known for a long long time
[00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:10.000]   That you get a particle and an anti-particle and you put them together
[00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:12.000]   Bing two photons
[00:11:12.000 --> 00:11:18.000]   And at the same time you can get a photon and go and hit the target bang a particle and an anti-particle
[00:11:18.000 --> 00:11:26.000]   Now that shows the relationship between the two that somehow both the people missed
[00:11:26.000 --> 00:11:30.000]   But what's the simplest relationship you can have?
[00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:36.000]   The simplest relationship is that a particle is a photon making two revolutions in one direction
[00:11:36.000 --> 00:11:40.000]   And anti-particle is the same particle making two revolutions in the other direction
[00:11:40.000 --> 00:11:44.000]   Put them together they are not because they have mass
[00:11:44.000 --> 00:11:46.000]   They have this thing called angular momentum
[00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:50.000]   Great Newtonian property
[00:11:50.000 --> 00:11:54.000]   But because mathematicians sort of didn't know what an electron was
[00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:58.000]   They called it a point-party or you can't have angular momentum or the point-party
[00:11:58.000 --> 00:12:02.000]   So they call it spin and they wave all sorts of different things to make it
[00:12:02.000 --> 00:12:04.000]   It seems as if they know what they're talking about
[00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:06.000]   This really just angular momentum
[00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:12.000]   And that's the relationship between mass and energy
[00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:16.000]   Energy is the photon zipping along at the speed of light
[00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:20.000]   Mass is the same photon making two revolutions per wavelength
[00:12:20.000 --> 00:12:24.000]   That's how they can interchange so easily
[00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:30.000]   And that property gives particles all their properties including mass
[00:12:30.000 --> 00:12:36.000]   One of the things that Einstein did work out in 1995
[00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:40.000]   There was little medical packet of electromagnetic energy
[00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:46.000]   He did work out that they carried momentum or carried inertia that had momentum
[00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.000]   They had mass
[00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:50.000]   I think I only shake my...
[00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:54.000]   I don't know why people want to prove Einstein wrong
[00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:56.000]   photons have mass
[00:12:56.000 --> 00:13:02.000]   Now I think the reason for this is that they think are Einstein's special relativity corrections
[00:13:02.000 --> 00:13:04.000]   Anything troubling at the speed of light
[00:13:04.000 --> 00:13:06.000]   Love an infinite mass
[00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:12.000]   The special relativity corrections only apply to photons with just spiraling
[00:13:12.000 --> 00:13:16.000]   And that's just the reason for that is
[00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:20.000]   It is about as complicated as the Pythagoras' theorem
[00:13:20.000 --> 00:13:22.000]   And what he was a 300 BC or something
[00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:24.000]   I didn't want to be caught
[00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:28.000]   And so photons themselves always travel at the speed of light
[00:13:28.000 --> 00:13:36.000]   And so the rotating photons, the rotating, are rotating also at the same speed of light
[00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:40.000]   And well that's one on hell of a gyroscope
[00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:46.000]   And that is what gives particles a spin that's why E equals MC squared and for straight forward
[00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:48.000]   There you go
[00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:50.000]   Really well
[00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:56.000]   So if we go back a little bit there where you're saying there's no wave nature
[00:13:56.000 --> 00:14:02.000]   What about the double-slit experiment and other sort of experiments that seem to show wave properties
[00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:04.000]   Of particles other than photons
[00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:06.000]   Particles
[00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:10.000]   The wind of the Royal worked out in 1925
[00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:12.000]   But with photons, it...
[00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:14.000]   Well, photons behave like particles
[00:14:14.000 --> 00:14:16.000]   And particles behave like photons
[00:14:16.000 --> 00:14:20.000]   And I agree that it was completely true
[00:14:20.000 --> 00:14:26.000]   The actual nature of the rotating photon generates the de Broglie wavelength
[00:14:26.000 --> 00:14:28.000]   And it has all the right properties
[00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:36.000]   For me and to me Einstein's special and general relativity theory is relatively simple
[00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:40.000]   So that may be talking a little bit out of line here
[00:14:40.000 --> 00:14:48.000]   But the de Broglie wavelength is automatically generated by the particle as it moves
[00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:52.000]   So it's not something that they hypothesize
[00:14:52.000 --> 00:14:54.000]   And don't know what occurs
[00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:58.000]   They hypothesize that they measured it
[00:14:58.000 --> 00:15:00.000]   But they don't know how it occurs
[00:15:00.000 --> 00:15:08.000]   Well, yeah, it's quite a straight forward but not at this level
[00:15:08.000 --> 00:15:11.080]   What are the implications for this difference in understanding?
[00:15:11.080 --> 00:15:15.280]   So are there predictions that you would make that are different to the ones
[00:15:15.280 --> 00:15:18.880]   that people following the standard model would make?
[00:15:18.880 --> 00:15:26.080]   In other words, I think, probably the electron tumbling...
[00:15:26.080 --> 00:15:28.520]   Where electrons sit about right.
[00:15:28.520 --> 00:15:31.880]   That's got a very simple mechanical analogue.
[00:15:31.880 --> 00:15:36.560]   The electrons are held, in what you call, very torque field.
[00:15:36.760 --> 00:15:41.000]   Now, if you've got something coming up, you've got everything in a tight situation.
[00:15:41.000 --> 00:15:43.680]   You've come something out and bang it at this end.
[00:15:43.680 --> 00:15:48.080]   You can do it with big billiard balls that'll transport through...
[00:15:48.080 --> 00:15:49.560]   No, one will knock out.
[00:15:49.560 --> 00:15:56.320]   So what they call tunneling under this model, but in reality...
[00:15:56.320 --> 00:15:59.960]   What they call tunneling is just really momentum exchange.
[00:15:59.960 --> 00:16:03.040]   So that's a little bit like one of those hidden cradles
[00:16:03.240 --> 00:16:09.320]   where you've got the balls on all attached by a string or a chain
[00:16:09.320 --> 00:16:11.520]   to a fork from over the top.
[00:16:11.520 --> 00:16:15.680]   And one will hit the other one and transfer the momentum to the other one
[00:16:15.680 --> 00:16:18.760]   without actually transferring itself.
[00:16:18.760 --> 00:16:21.400]   Yeah, you don't get...
[00:16:21.400 --> 00:16:28.200]   Electrons have wave properties, but you won't get an electron...
[00:16:28.400 --> 00:16:36.280]   The way the wave is in a very fixed position with respect to the electron.
[00:16:36.280 --> 00:16:38.400]   It's equal on either side of it.
[00:16:38.400 --> 00:16:42.080]   If they're tunneling theory to reflect,
[00:16:42.080 --> 00:16:46.880]   then the lower the energy of the electron, the longer its wavelength,
[00:16:46.880 --> 00:16:50.480]   therefore the easier it would be to tunnel.
[00:16:50.480 --> 00:16:55.000]   However, in the energy transfer one, the higher the energy,
[00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:58.080]   the greater probability it'll knock another electron out the other side.
[00:16:58.280 --> 00:17:00.080]   It's a simple experiment to do.
[00:17:00.080 --> 00:17:04.160]   Just increase the energy of an electron coming up to a barrier
[00:17:04.160 --> 00:17:07.800]   and see which ones come out the other end first.
[00:17:07.800 --> 00:17:11.200]   Is anyone set up to do that?
[00:17:11.200 --> 00:17:13.440]   Oh, anyone could set up to do it.
[00:17:13.440 --> 00:17:16.440]   Well, a lot of laboratories could do it.
[00:17:16.440 --> 00:17:23.240]   Well, that's so called tunneling effect is what they use in all of the microelectronic systems.
[00:17:23.440 --> 00:17:28.720]   It would be a very, very simple exercise to carry that out.
[00:17:28.720 --> 00:17:35.480]   They may well have done it in the mathematicians of turn around and added another factor.
[00:17:35.480 --> 00:17:40.520]   The standard thing they do when they don't get the right answer, just add another factor.
[00:17:40.520 --> 00:17:42.720]   I can't do that.
[00:17:42.720 --> 00:17:46.120]   Physical reality is physical reality, into a story.
[00:17:46.120 --> 00:17:50.600]   I guess it's something to look up and see if someone's done those experiments
[00:17:50.800 --> 00:17:53.560]   and what they did with the results.
[00:17:53.560 --> 00:17:58.600]   I think the result is I think I'm sure it has been done on the result is that the higher the energy
[00:17:58.600 --> 00:18:04.480]   and the electron, the greater the probability of emerging on the other side of the barrier.
[00:18:04.480 --> 00:18:12.720]   And on the very much bigger scale are the differences in the way the universe looks for astronomy.
[00:18:12.720 --> 00:18:15.680]   Not as far as astronomy is concerned.
[00:18:15.880 --> 00:18:20.160]   What the astronomers see is what there is.
[00:18:20.160 --> 00:18:23.760]   No question that they're brilliant as to the astronomers.
[00:18:23.760 --> 00:18:28.040]   Most of the experimentalists are doing a exceedingly good job.
[00:18:28.040 --> 00:18:33.360]   The problem becomes in interpreting what they've seen.
[00:18:33.360 --> 00:18:37.240]   And when it comes to the whole universe, for example,
[00:18:37.240 --> 00:18:41.040]   it's all based on Einstein's theory of gravity.
[00:18:41.040 --> 00:18:42.680]   Well, it should be.
[00:18:42.880 --> 00:18:47.160]   It's more advanced in Newton's inverse square, but for most practical purposes,
[00:18:47.160 --> 00:18:50.320]   Newton's inverse square works quite well.
[00:18:50.320 --> 00:18:55.040]   The two situations where it doesn't work, when the mass is so large,
[00:18:55.040 --> 00:19:01.400]   like the mass of the Sun or the mass of the center of Sagittarius A,
[00:19:01.400 --> 00:19:06.960]   with the planet or star S2 going around it, that's one situation.
[00:19:07.160 --> 00:19:16.240]   The reason why a planet or my Mercury's orbit pre-curses in its direction of travel is simply that
[00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:22.280]   when gravity is strong enough, gravity actually becomes weak in inverse square.
[00:19:22.280 --> 00:19:26.320]   And that's one of the things you get when you solve our own science, gravity,
[00:19:26.320 --> 00:19:30.200]   very accurately, it becomes weak in the inverse square.
[00:19:30.200 --> 00:19:33.040]   Now, if it's weak in the inverse square,
[00:19:33.240 --> 00:19:39.400]   Mercury travels a little bit closer to the Sun and is attracted by a slightly stronger force.
[00:19:39.400 --> 00:19:44.680]   So it'll arrive back at a perihelium point a little later.
[00:19:44.680 --> 00:19:48.360]   And it'll pre-curses in its direction of travel.
[00:19:48.360 --> 00:19:51.760]   Newton pointed that out in 1687.
[00:19:51.760 --> 00:19:55.840]   So I don't know why they didn't sort of work it out correctly.
[00:19:55.840 --> 00:20:01.040]   But gravity is weak in inverse square is the solution to our own science gravity.
[00:20:01.240 --> 00:20:10.760]   The other thing is that when gravity is an infinite steady state universe under Newton's theory of gravity inverse square,
[00:20:10.760 --> 00:20:19.040]   it will collapse the reason being that relatively universe density mass increases as our cubed
[00:20:19.040 --> 00:20:21.400]   gravity decreases as our squared.
[00:20:21.400 --> 00:20:28.520]   So eventually you get to the stage where gravity just dominates a mass and it collapses.
[00:20:28.720 --> 00:20:35.160]   But if gravity is weak in inverse square and I just tried to show you that Mercury is pre-cursing
[00:20:35.160 --> 00:20:37.840]   all but because the Sun's gravity is weak in inverse square,
[00:20:37.840 --> 00:20:39.360]   that applies to all gravity.
[00:20:39.360 --> 00:20:46.000]   There's nothing special about our Sun except that's keeping all us alive on this.
[00:20:46.000 --> 00:20:50.200]   And when you have an infinite steady state in a mercy,
[00:20:50.200 --> 00:20:52.680]   gravity is weak in inverse squares.
[00:20:52.880 --> 00:21:01.120]   It's a fact it's relatively weaker over long distances. I'm talking typically 10 billion light years
[00:21:01.120 --> 00:21:03.520]   or something like that, maybe more.
[00:21:03.520 --> 00:21:08.640]   But that means an infinite steady state universe won collapse.
[00:21:08.640 --> 00:21:10.960]   It's a huge, huge difference.
[00:21:10.960 --> 00:21:16.640]   That's the biggest thing mind you, what differences are made to us here on Earth?
[00:21:16.840 --> 00:21:23.520]   If angel Webb has seen galaxies, fully born galaxies 20 billion light years away,
[00:21:23.520 --> 00:21:25.480]   that makes a different difference to us.
[00:21:25.480 --> 00:21:30.920]   But as far as understanding how the universe works,
[00:21:30.920 --> 00:21:38.520]   that mistake and the simple mistake that the mole mathematician were made,
[00:21:38.520 --> 00:21:43.640]   Einstein introduced approximations. He couldn't solve the gravity exactly himself.
[00:21:43.840 --> 00:21:48.040]   I have no problem solving his, his brother exactly.
[00:21:48.040 --> 00:21:54.120]   But he introduced the approximation at 1 over 1 plus x,
[00:21:54.120 --> 00:21:57.120]   approximately equals 1 minus x.
[00:21:57.120 --> 00:22:04.120]   You know, when x is 10 to the minus 7, which is more 10 to the minus 8, that's a good approximation.
[00:22:04.120 --> 00:22:08.360]   I mean, you just read his paper, he says so.
[00:22:08.360 --> 00:22:12.200]   And you read the mathematics, you don't even read the German version.
[00:22:12.400 --> 00:22:14.480]   Look at the mathematics, he says so.
[00:22:14.480 --> 00:22:16.080]   And you just work it out.
[00:22:16.080 --> 00:22:17.880]   And that was the difference.
[00:22:17.880 --> 00:22:22.280]   All of their exact solutions to Einstein's gravity,
[00:22:22.280 --> 00:22:29.560]   they took where he used the approximate, he derived a figure from 1 plus 1 over x, the equivalent of that.
[00:22:29.560 --> 00:22:35.800]   And then he rather than do that, he equated to 1 minus x, which is true.
[00:22:35.800 --> 00:22:40.840]   1 plus 1 million is 999 million.
[00:22:41.040 --> 00:22:44.840]   Why do they do that? I have no idea.
[00:22:44.840 --> 00:22:48.640]   Mind you, I've been trying to find out why.
[00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:56.440]   I think if a mathematician of repute says one thing, I will agree that
[00:22:56.440 --> 00:23:00.240]   I'm my first reading of Einstein's relativity theory.
[00:23:00.240 --> 00:23:03.640]   You think, oh my god, really?
[00:23:03.640 --> 00:23:07.640]   Could he understand that then? Then you get any stuff?
[00:23:07.640 --> 00:23:09.640]   It's not that difficult.
[00:23:09.840 --> 00:23:12.840]   I think most of them had a solution.
[00:23:12.840 --> 00:23:18.440]   Somebody came up with a solution to Einstein's gravity and everybody just followed it and nobody.
[00:23:18.440 --> 00:23:21.040]   And this is the big thing.
[00:23:21.040 --> 00:23:25.040]   And I always stress to everybody, don't take somebody's word for it.
[00:23:25.040 --> 00:23:29.240]   Go back and check the original, your cell.
[00:23:29.240 --> 00:23:34.640]   Now, a few times, people have made terrible, terrible mistakes.
[00:23:34.840 --> 00:23:39.840]   But this is probably the biggest one, the whole field of cosmology, sorry.
[00:23:39.840 --> 00:23:41.840]   Astronomy.
[00:23:41.840 --> 00:23:44.440]   You guys are great.
[00:23:44.440 --> 00:23:48.440]   Thank you, thanks Uncle Sam, for providing us with all this information.
[00:23:48.440 --> 00:23:51.840]   That was part one of my interview with Dr. Viv Robinson.
[00:23:51.840 --> 00:23:55.640]   You heard Viv say that matter is made of photons moving in circles.
[00:23:55.640 --> 00:24:02.840]   Physicists took Einstein's approximations as gospel instead of using the exact solutions available with later mathematics.
[00:24:03.040 --> 00:24:08.440]   Gravity changes to be weaker over distances and the universe isn't expanding.
[00:24:08.440 --> 00:24:11.440]   Listen next week for part two.
[00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:14.240]   If you have any questions for Dr. Robinson,
[00:24:14.240 --> 00:24:16.240]   he'd love to answer them on the show.
[00:24:16.240 --> 00:24:21.040]   So send your questions to science@diffusionradio.com.
[00:24:21.040 --> 00:24:24.840]   If you're in Darlinghurst this Wednesday night, the 5th of July,
[00:24:24.840 --> 00:24:30.640]   I will be part of the line up of scientists speaking at future science talks at the East Village.
[00:24:30.840 --> 00:24:37.040]   Go to www.futuresciencetalks.com.au to grab a ticket and come up and say hello.
[00:24:37.040 --> 00:24:39.240]   And if you can't make it Wednesday night,
[00:24:39.240 --> 00:24:42.640]   I'll keep you posted on some future talks I'll be giving.
[00:24:42.640 --> 00:24:46.040]   And that's all from this week on diffusion.
[00:24:46.040 --> 00:24:51.240]   Are you a scientist, artist, biohacker or maker who'd like to be interviewed about your work?
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[00:25:01.840 --> 00:25:05.040]   That's science@diffusionradio.com.
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[00:25:25.040 --> 00:25:31.240]   I've produced diffusion which is broadcast around Australia to 28 stations on the community radio network,
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[00:26:40.040 --> 00:26:42.040]   I'm Ian Woff.
[00:26:42.040 --> 00:26:50.240]   Join us inside your audio device of choice for more science wondering next week on diffusion science radio.
[00:26:50.440 --> 00:26:55.240]   When science is fun, it helps you to learn, to know and to appreciate.
[00:26:55.240 --> 00:26:58.240]   When you study science, you may go on field trips.
[00:26:58.240 --> 00:27:02.840]   You discover the marvelous interrelationships between all living things.
[00:27:02.840 --> 00:27:07.840]   You learn to read the history of the earth as it is written in rocks and bustles.
[00:27:07.840 --> 00:27:14.240]   You find out what makes things tick, everything from a molecule to a living organism.
[00:27:14.240 --> 00:27:19.440]   In the study of science is found the most useful and satisfying knowledge of man.
[00:27:19.640 --> 00:27:24.040]   Knowledge of his physical world, its past, its present and its future.
[00:27:24.040 --> 00:27:28.240]   And in your moments of relaxation, now and in the years to come,
[00:27:28.240 --> 00:27:35.240]   you will find the study of science leading you into fascinating pursuits, photography.
[00:27:35.240 --> 00:27:39.440]   Collecting.
[00:27:39.440 --> 00:27:41.840]   Why study science?
[00:27:41.840 --> 00:27:49.440]   Study science because you will find in the study of science a richer, more rewarding life.
[00:27:49.440 --> 00:27:59.440]   [BLANK_AUDIO]
[00:27:59.440 --> 00:28:09.440]   [BLANK_AUDIO]
[00:28:09.440 --> 00:28:19.440]   [BLANK_AUDIO]

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Words removed	796
Total words	3550
Words removed (%)	22.42

Words added	680
Total words	3434
Words added (%)	19.80