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main.c

Created 3 years agoDiff never expires

/* ************************************************************************

* main part

* based on code from Markus Frejek and Karl-Heinz Kübbeler

* ************************************************************************ */

* local constants

/* source management */

#define MAIN_C

* include header files

/* local includes */

#include "config.h" /* global configuration */

#include "common.h" /* common header file */

#include "variables.h" /* global variables */

#include "functions.h" /* external functions */

#include "colors.h" /* color definitions */

* local variables

/* program control */

#if CYCLE_MAX < 255

uint8_t MissedParts; /* counter for failed/missed components */

#endif

/* ************************************************************************

* output components and errors

* ************************************************************************ */

* show pinout for semiconductors

* required:

* - character for pin A

* - character for pin B

* - character for pin C

void Show_SemiPinout(uint8_t A, uint8_t B, uint8_t C)

{

uint8_t n; /* counter */

uint8_t Char; /* character */

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

uint16_t Color; /* color value */

Color = UI.PenColor; /* save current color */

#endif

/* display: 123 */

for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)

{

Display_ProbeNumber(n);

}

/* display: = */

Display_Char('=');

/* display pin IDs */

for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++) /* loop through probe pins */

{

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n]; /* set probe color */

#endif

if (n == Semi.A) Char = A; /* probe A - ID A */

else if (n == Semi.B) Char = B; /* probe B - ID B */

else Char = C; /* - ID C */

Display_Char(Char); /* display ID */

}

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

UI.PenColor = Color; /* restore old color */

#endif

}

* show simple pinout

* required:

* - ID: characters for probes 1, 2 and 3

* 0 -> not displayed

void Show_SimplePinout(uint8_t ID_1, uint8_t ID_2, uint8_t ID_3)

{

uint8_t n; /* counter */

unsigned char ID[3]; /* component pin IDs */

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

uint16_t Color; /* color value */

Color = UI.PenColor; /* save current color */

#endif

/* copy probe pin characters/IDs */

ID[0] = ID_1;

ID[1] = ID_2;

ID[2] = ID_3;

for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++) /* loop through probe pins */

{

if (ID[n] != 0) /* display this one */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(n);

Display_Char(':');

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n]; /* set probe color */

#endif

Display_Char(ID[n]);

#ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS

UI.PenColor = Color; /* restore old color */

#endif

Display_Space();

}

#ifdef FUNC_EVALUE

* show E series norm values

* requires:

* - Value: unsigned value

* - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)

* - ESeries: E6-192

* - Tolerance: in 0.1%

* - Unit: unit character

void Show_ENormValues(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, unsigned char Unit)

{

uint8_t n; /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */

uint8_t Pos; /* char x position */

uint8_t Temp; /* temporary value */

* get E series norm values

* - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale

* - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale

n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);

* show E series and tolerance

Display_NextLine(); /* move to next line */

/* display E series */

Display_Char('E'); /* display: E */

Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0); /* display E series */

Display_Space(); /* display: " " */

/* display tolerance */

Temp = Tolerance; /* copy tolerance */

Pos = 0; /* reset decimal places */

if (Temp < 10) /* < 1% */

{

Pos = 1; /* one decimal place */

}

Temp /= 10; /* scale to 1 */

Display_FullValue(Temp, Pos, '%'); /* display tolerance */

Display_Space(); /* display: " " */

* show norm values

if (n) /* got norm value(s) */

{

Pos = UI.CharPos_X; /* get current char position */

/* display first norm value */

Display_EValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, Unit);

if (n == 2) /* got two norm values */

{

/* move to next line at same position (after E series) */

Display_NextLine();

LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

/* display second norm value */

Display_EValue(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, Unit);

}

else /* no norm value */

{

Display_Char('-'); /* display: - */

}

#endif

#ifdef FUNC_COLORCODE

* show E series norm value color-codes

* requires:

* - Value: unsigned value

* - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)

* - ESeries: E6-192

* - Tolerance: in 0.1%

* - TolBand: color of tolerance band

void Show_ENormCodes(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, uint16_t TolBand)

{

uint8_t n; /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */

uint8_t Pos; /* char x position */

* tolerance band

* - resistor

* 20% 10% 5% 2% 1% 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 0.05%

* none silver gold red brown green blue violet grey

* - inductor

* 20% 10% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 0.05%

* black silver gold yellow orange red brown green blue violet grey

* - caps: many different schemas

* multiplier reference

* - R: 0 (10^0) -> 1 Ohms

* C: -12 (10^-12) -> 1 pF

* L: -6 (10^-6) -> 1 µH

* - ref_scale as function argument?

* scale = scale - ref_scale

* get E series norm values

* - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale

* - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale

n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);

* show E series

Display_NextLine(); /* move to next line */

/* display E series */

Display_Char('E'); /* display: E */

Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0); /* display E series */

Display_Space(); /* display: " " */

* show color-codes of norm values

if (n) /* got norm value(s) */

{

Pos = UI.CharPos_X; /* get current char position */

/* display color-code of first norm value */

Display_ColorCode(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, TolBand);

if (n == 2) /* got two norm values */

{

/* move to next line at same position (after E series) */

Display_NextLine();

LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

/* display color-code of second norm value */

Display_ColorCode(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, TolBand);

}

#if 0

* color testing

uint16_t Color;

Display_NextLine();

/* first 5 colors plus gold */

n = 0;

while (n < 5)

{

Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);

LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);

n++;

}

LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_GOLD, ALIGN_RIGHT);

Display_NextLine();

/* last 5 colors plus silver */

while (n < 10)

{

Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);

LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);

n++;

}

LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_SILVER, ALIGN_RIGHT);

TestKey(0, CURSOR_BLINK);

#endif

}

#endif

* show failed test

void Show_Fail(void)

{

/* display info */

Display_EEString(Failed1_str); /* display: No component */

Display_NL_EEString(Failed2_str); /* display: found! */

#if CYCLE_MAX < 255

MissedParts++; /* increase counter */

#endif

}

* show error

void Show_Error()

{

if (Check.Type == TYPE_DISCHARGE) /* discharge failed */

{

Display_EEString(DischargeFailed_str); /* display: Battery? */

/* display probe number and remaining voltage */

Display_NextLine();

Display_ProbeNumber(Check.Probe);

Display_Char(':');

Display_Space();

Display_Value(Check.U, -3, 'V');

}

else if (Check.Type == TYPE_DETECTION) /* detection error */

{

/* simply display: No component found! */

Show_Fail();

}

* show single (first) resistor

* requires:

* - ID1: pin ID #1 character

* - ID2: pin ID #2 character

void Show_SingleResistor(uint8_t ID1, uint8_t ID2)

{

Resistor_Type *Resistor; /* pointer to resistor */

Resistor = &Resistors[0]; /* pointer to first resistor */

/* show pinout */

Display_Char(ID1);

Display_EEString(Resistor_str);

Display_Char(ID2);

/* show resistance value */

Display_Space();

Display_Value(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

}

* show resistor(s)

void Show_Resistor(void)

{

Resistor_Type *R1; /* pointer to resistor #1 */

Resistor_Type *R2; /* pointer to resistor #2 */

uint8_t Pin; /* ID of common pin */

R1 = &Resistors[0]; /* pointer to first resistor */

if (Check.Resistors == 1) /* single resistor */

{

R2 = NULL; /* disable second resistor */

Pin = R1->A; /* make B the first pin */

}

else /* multiple resistors */

{

R2 = R1;

R2++; /* pointer to second resistor */

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Quantity = 2; /* got two */

#endif

if (Check.Resistors == 3) /* three resistors */

{

Resistor_Type *Rmax; /* pointer to largest resistor */

* 3 resistors mean 2 single resistors and both resistors in series.

* So we have to single out that series resistor by finding the

* largest resistor.

Rmax = R1; /* starting point */

for (Pin = 1; Pin <= 2; Pin++)

{

if (CmpValue(R2->Value, R2->Scale, Rmax->Value, Rmax->Scale) == 1)

{

Rmax = R2; /* update largest one */

}

R2++; /* next one */

}

/* get the two smaller resistors */

if (R1 == Rmax) R1++;

R2 = R1;

R2++;

if (R2 == Rmax) R2++;

}

/* find common pin of both resistors */

if ((R1->A == R2->A) || (R1->A == R2->B))

{

Pin = R1->A; /* pin A */

}

else

{

Pin = R1->B; /* pin B */

}

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Comp1 = (void *)R1; /* link first resistor */

Info.Comp2 = (void *)R2; /* link second resistor */

#endif

* display the pins

/* first resistor */

if (R1->A != Pin) /* A is not common pin */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(R1->A); /* display pin A */

}

else /* single resistor or A is common pin */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(R1->B); /* display pin B */

}

Display_EEString(Resistor_str);

Display_ProbeNumber(Pin); /* display common pin */

if (R2) /* second resistor */

{

Display_EEString(Resistor_str);

if (R2->A != Pin) /* A is not common pin */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(R2->A); /* display pin A */

}

else /* A is common pin */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(R2->B); /* display pin B */

}

* display the values

/* first resistor */

Display_NextLine();

Display_Value(R1->Value, R1->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

if (R2) /* second resistor */

{

Display_Space();

Display_Value(R2->Value, R2->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

}

#ifdef SW_INDUCTOR

else /* single resistor */

{

/* get inductance and display if relevant */

if (MeasureInductor(R1) == 1) /* inductor */

{

Display_Space();

Display_Value(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, 'H');

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Flags |= INFO_R_L; /* inductance measured */

#endif

#ifdef SW_L_E6_T

/* show E series norm values for E6 20% */

Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E6, 200, 'H');

#endif

#ifdef SW_L_E12_T

/* show E series norm values for E12 10% */

Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E12, 100, 'H');

#endif

}

#ifdef SW_R_EXX

else /* no inductance */

{

#ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T

/* show E series norm values for E24 5% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T

/* show E series norm values for E24 1% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E96_T

/* show E series norm values for E96 1% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E96_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);

#endif

}

#endif

}

#elif defined (SW_R_EXX)

else /* single resistor */

{

#ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T

/* show E series norm values for E24 5% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T

/* show E series norm values for E24 1% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E96_T

/* show E series norm values for E96 1% */

Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

#endif

#ifdef SW_R_E96_CC

/* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */

Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);

#endif

}

#endif

}

* show capacitor

void Show_Capacitor(void)

{

Capacitor_Type *MaxCap; /* pointer to largest cap */

Capacitor_Type *Cap; /* pointer to cap */

#if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)

uint16_t ESR; /* ESR (in 0.01 Ohms) */

#endif

uint8_t Counter; /* loop counter */

/* find largest cap */

MaxCap = &Caps[0]; /* pointer to first cap */

Cap = MaxCap;

for (Counter = 1; Counter <= 2; Counter++)

{

Cap++; /* next cap */

if (CmpValue(Cap->Value, Cap->Scale, MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale) == 1)

{

MaxCap = Cap;

}

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Comp1 = (void *)MaxCap; /* link largest cap */

#endif

/* display pinout */

Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->A); /* display pin #1 */

Display_EEString(Cap_str); /* display capacitor symbol */

Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->B); /* display pin #2 */

/* show capacitance */

Display_NextLine(); /* move to next line */

Display_Value(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, 'F');

#if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)

/* show ESR */

ESR = MeasureESR(MaxCap); /* measure ESR */

if (ESR < UINT16_MAX) /* if successfull */

{

Display_Space();

Display_Value(ESR, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA); /* display ESR */

}

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Val1 = ESR; /* copy ESR */

#endif

/* show discharge leakage current */

if (MaxCap->I_leak > 0)

{

Display_NL_EEString_Space(I_leak_str);

Display_Value(MaxCap->I_leak, -8, 'A'); /* in 10nA */

}

#ifdef SW_C_E6_T

/* show E series norm values for E6 20% */

Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E6, 200, 'F');

#endif

#ifdef SW_C_E12_T

/* show E series norm values for E12 10% */

Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E12, 100, 'F');

#endif

}

* show current (leakage or whatever) of semiconductor

* Mapping for Semi structure:

* - I_value - current

* - I_scale - scale for current (10^x)

void Show_SemiCurrent(const unsigned char *String)

{

if (CmpValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 50, -9) >= 0) /* show if >=50nA */

{

Display_NL_EEString_Space(String); /* display: <string> */

Display_Value(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 'A'); /* display current */

}

#ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

* display capacitance of a diode

* requires:

* - pointer to diode structure

void Show_Diode_Cap(Diode_Type *Diode)

{

/* get capacitance (reversed direction) */

MeasureCap(Diode->C, Diode->A, 0);

/* and show capacitance */

Display_Value(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');

}

#endif

* show diode

void Show_Diode(void)

{

Diode_Type *D1; /* pointer to diode #1 */

Diode_Type *D2 = NULL; /* pointer to diode #2 */

uint8_t CapFlag = 1; /* flag for capacitance output */

uint8_t A = 5; /* ID of common anode */

uint8_t C = 5; /* ID of common cothode */

uint8_t R_Pin1 = 5; /* B_E resistor's pin #1 */

uint8_t R_Pin2 = 5; /* B_E resistor's pin #2 */

uint8_t n; /* counter */

uint8_t m; /* counter */

D1 = &Diodes[0]; /* pointer to first diode */

* figure out which diodes to display

if (Check.Diodes == 1) /* single diode */

{

C = D1->C; /* make cathode first pin */

}

else if (Check.Diodes == 2) /* two diodes */

{

D2 = D1;

D2++; /* pointer to second diode */

if (D1->A == D2->A) /* common anode */

{

A = D1->A; /* save common anode */

/* possible PNP BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */

R_Pin1 = D1->C;

R_Pin2 = D2->C;

}

else if (D1->C == D2->C) /* common cathode */

{

C = D1->C; /* save common cathode */

/* possible NPN BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */

R_Pin1 = D1->A;

R_Pin2 = D2->A;

}

else if ((D1->A == D2->C) && (D1->C == D2->A)) /* anti-parallel */

{

A = D1->A; /* anode and cathode */

C = A; /* are the same */

CapFlag = 0; /* skip capacitance */

}

else if (Check.Diodes == 3) /* three diodes */

{

* Two diodes in series are detected as a virtual third diode:

* - Check for any possible way the 2 diodes could be connected in series.

* - Only once the cathode of diode #1 matches the anode of diode #2.

for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++) /* loop for first diode */

{

D1 = &Diodes[n]; /* get pointer of first diode */

for (m = 0; m <= 2; m++) /* loop for second diode */

{

D2 = &Diodes[m]; /* get pointer of second diode */

if (n != m) /* don't check same diode :-) */

{

if (D1->C == D2->A) /* got match */

{

n = 5; /* end loops */

m = 5;

}

if (n < 5) D2 = NULL; /* no match found */

C = D1->C; /* cathode of first diode */

A = 3; /* in series mode */

}

else /* too much diodes */

{

Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str); /* display: -|>|- */

Display_Space(); /* display space */

Display_Char(Check.Diodes + '0'); /* display number of diodes found */

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Quantity = Check.Diodes; /* set quantity */

#endif

return;

}

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Comp1 = (void *)D1; /* link first diode */

Info.Comp2 = (void *)D2; /* link second diode */

#endif

* display pins

/* first diode */

if (A < 3) /* common anode: show C first */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(D1->C); /* show C */

Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str); /* show -|<- */

Display_ProbeNumber(A); /* show A */

}

else /* common cathode: show A first */

{

Display_ProbeNumber(D1->A); /* show A */

Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str); /* show ->|- */

Display_ProbeNumber(C); /* show C */

}

if (D2) /* second diode */

{

if (A <= 3) /* common anode or in-series */

{

Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str); /* show ->|- */

}

else /* common cathode */

{

Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str); /* show -|<- */

}

if (A == C) /* anti parallel */

{

n = D2->A; /* get anode */

}

else if (A <= 3) /* common anode or in-series */

{

n = D2->C; /* get cathode */

}

else /* common cathode */

{

n = D2->A; /* get anode */

}

Display_ProbeNumber(n); /* display pin */

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Quantity = 2; /* got two */

#endif

}

/* check for B-E resistor of possible BJT */

if (R_Pin1 < 5) /* possible BJT */

{

/* B-E resistor below 25kOhms */

if (CheckSingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2, 25) == 1)

{

/* show: PNP/NPN? */

Display_Space();

if (A < 3) /* PNP */

{

Display_EEString(PNP_str);

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_PNP; /* R_BE & PNP */

#endif

}

else /* NPN */

{

Display_EEString(NPN_str);

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_NPN; /* R_BE & NPN */

#endif

}

Display_Char('?');

Display_NextLine(); /* move to line #2 */

R_Pin1 += '1'; /* convert pin ID to character */

R_Pin2 += '1';

Show_SingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2); /* show resistor */

CapFlag = 0; /* skip capacitance */

}

* display:

* - Uf (forward voltage)

* - reverse leakage current (for single diodes)

* - capacitance (not for anti-parallel diodes)

/* display Uf */

Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str); /* display: Vf */

/* first diode */

Display_Value(D1->V_f, -3, 'V'); /* in mV */

Display_Space();

/* display low current Uf and reverse leakage current for a single diode */

if (D2 == NULL) /* single diode */

{

/* display low current Uf if it's quite low (Ge/Schottky diode) */

if (D1->V_f2 < 250) /* < 250mV */

{

Display_Char('(');

Display_Value(D1->V_f2, 0, 0); /* no unit */

Display_Char(')');

}

/* reverse leakage current */

UpdateProbes(D1->C, D1->A, 0); /* reverse diode */

GetLeakageCurrent(1); /* get current */

Show_SemiCurrent(I_R_str); /* display I_R */

#ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/* set data for remote commands */

Info.Flags |= INFO_D_I_R; /* measured I_R */

#endif

}

else /* two diodes */

{

/* show Uf of second diode */

Display_Value(D2->V_f, -3, 'V');

}

/* display capacitance */

if (CapFlag == 1) /* if feasable */

{

Display_NL_EEString_Space(DiodeCap_s

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/* ************************************************************************
 *
 *   main part
 *
 *   (c) 2012-2020 by Markus Reschke
 *   based on code from Markus Frejek and Karl-Heinz Kübbeler
 *
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  local constants
 */

/* source management */
#define MAIN_C


/*
 *  include header files
 */

/* local includes */
#include "config.h"           /* global configuration */
#include "common.h"           /* common header file */
#include "variables.h"        /* global variables */
#include "functions.h"        /* external functions */
#include "colors.h"           /* color definitions */


/*
 *  local variables
 */

/* program control */
#if CYCLE_MAX < 255
uint8_t        MissedParts;          /* counter for failed/missed components */
#endif


/* ************************************************************************
 *   output components and errors
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  show pinout for semiconductors
 *
 *  required:
 *  - character for pin A
 *  - character for pin B
 *  - character for pin C
 */

void Show_SemiPinout(uint8_t A, uint8_t B, uint8_t C)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* counter */
  uint8_t           Char;          /* character */
  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  uint16_t          Color;         /* color value */

  Color = UI.PenColor;             /* save current color */
  #endif

  /* display: 123 */
  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(n);
  }

  /* display: = */
  Display_Char('=');

  /* display pin IDs */
  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)         /* loop through probe pins */
  {
    #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
    UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n];  /* set probe color */
    #endif

    if (n == Semi.A) Char = A;          /* probe A - ID A */
    else if (n == Semi.B) Char = B;     /* probe B - ID B */
    else Char = C;                      /*         - ID C */

    Display_Char(Char);            /* display ID */
  }

  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  UI.PenColor = Color;             /* restore old color */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show simple pinout
 *
 *  required:
 *  - ID: characters for probes 1, 2 and 3
 *    0 -> not displayed
 */

void Show_SimplePinout(uint8_t ID_1, uint8_t ID_2, uint8_t ID_3)
{
  uint8_t           n;        /* counter */
  unsigned char     ID[3];    /* component pin IDs */
  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  uint16_t          Color;    /* color value */

  Color = UI.PenColor;             /* save current color */
  #endif

  /* copy probe pin characters/IDs */
  ID[0] = ID_1;
  ID[1] = ID_2;
  ID[2] = ID_3;

  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)         /* loop through probe pins */
  {
    if (ID[n] != 0)                /* display this one */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(n);
      Display_Char(':');

      #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
      UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n];     /* set probe color */
      #endif

      Display_Char(ID[n]);

      #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
      UI.PenColor = Color;              /* restore old color */
      #endif

      Display_Space();
    }
  }
}



#ifdef FUNC_EVALUE

/*
 *  show E series norm values
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - Value: unsigned value
 *  - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)
 *  - ESeries: E6-192
 *  - Tolerance: in 0.1%
 *  - Unit: unit character
 */

void Show_ENormValues(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, unsigned char Unit)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */
  uint8_t           Pos;           /* char x position */
  uint8_t           Temp;          /* temporary value */


  /*
   *  get E series norm values
   *  - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale
   *  - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale
   */

  n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);


  /*
   *  show E series and tolerance
   */

  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to next line */

  /* display E series */
  Display_Char('E');                    /* display: E */
  Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0);    /* display E series */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */

  /* display tolerance */
  Temp = Tolerance;                     /* copy tolerance */
  Pos = 0;                              /* reset decimal places */

  if (Temp < 10)                        /* < 1% */
  {
    Pos = 1;                            /* one decimal place */
  }
  Temp /= 10;                           /* scale to 1 */

  Display_FullValue(Temp, Pos, '%');    /* display tolerance */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */


  /*
   *  show norm values
   */

  if (n)                      /* got norm value(s) */
  {
    Pos = UI.CharPos_X;       /* get current char position */

    /* display first norm value */
    Display_EValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, Unit);

    if (n == 2)               /* got two norm values */
    {
      /* move to next line at same position (after E series) */
      Display_NextLine();
      LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

      /* display second norm value */
      Display_EValue(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, Unit);
    }
  }
  else                        /* no norm value */
  {
    Display_Char('-');        /* display: - */
  }
}

#endif



#ifdef FUNC_COLORCODE

/*
 *  show E series norm value color-codes
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - Value: unsigned value
 *  - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)
 *  - ESeries: E6-192
 *  - Tolerance: in 0.1%
 *  - TolBand: color of tolerance band
 */

void Show_ENormCodes(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, uint16_t TolBand)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */
  uint8_t           Pos;           /* char x position */

  /*
   *  tolerance band
   *  - resistor
   *    20%  10%    5%   2%  1%    0.5%  0.25% 0.1%   0.05%
   *    none silver gold red brown green blue  violet grey
   *  - inductor
   *    20%   10%    5%   4%     3%     2%  1%    0.5%  0.25% 0.1%   0.05%
   *    black silver gold yellow orange red brown green blue  violet grey
   *  - caps: many different schemas
   *
   *  multiplier reference
   *  - R:   0 (10^0)   -> 1 Ohms
   *    C: -12 (10^-12) -> 1 pF
   *    L:  -6 (10^-6)  -> 1 µH
   *  - ref_scale as function argument?
   *    scale = scale - ref_scale
   */

  /*
   *  get E series norm values
   *  - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale
   *  - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale
   */

  n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);


  /*
   *  show E series
   */

  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to next line */

  /* display E series */
  Display_Char('E');                    /* display: E */
  Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0);    /* display E series */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */


  /*
   *  show color-codes of norm values
   */

  if (n)                      /* got norm value(s) */
  {
    Pos = UI.CharPos_X;       /* get current char position */

    /* display color-code of first norm value */
    Display_ColorCode(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, TolBand);

    if (n == 2)               /* got two norm values */
    {
      /* move to next line at same position (after E series) */
      Display_NextLine();
      LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

      /* display color-code of second norm value */
      Display_ColorCode(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, TolBand);
    }
  }


  #if 0
  /*
   *  color testing
   */

  uint16_t Color;

  Display_NextLine();

  /* first 5 colors plus gold */
  n = 0;
  while (n < 5)
  {
    Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);
    LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);
    n++;
  }
  LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_GOLD, ALIGN_RIGHT);

  Display_NextLine();

  /* last 5 colors plus silver */
  while (n < 10)
  {
    Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);
    LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);
    n++;
  }
  LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_SILVER, ALIGN_RIGHT);

  TestKey(0, CURSOR_BLINK);
  #endif
}

#endif



/*
 *  show failed test
 */

void Show_Fail(void)
{
  /* display info */
  Display_EEString(Failed1_str);        /* display: No component */
  Display_NL_EEString(Failed2_str);     /* display: found! */

  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  MissedParts++;              /* increase counter */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show error
 */

void Show_Error()
{
  if (Check.Type == TYPE_DISCHARGE)          /* discharge failed */
  {
    Display_EEString(DischargeFailed_str);   /* display: Battery? */

    /* display probe number and remaining voltage */
    Display_NextLine();
    Display_ProbeNumber(Check.Probe);
    Display_Char(':');
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(Check.U, -3, 'V');
  }
  else if (Check.Type == TYPE_DETECTION)     /* detection error */
  {
    /* simply display: No component found! */
    Show_Fail();
  }
}



/*
 *  show single (first) resistor
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - ID1: pin ID #1 character
 *  - ID2: pin ID #2 character
 */

void Show_SingleResistor(uint8_t ID1, uint8_t ID2)
{
  Resistor_Type     *Resistor;     /* pointer to resistor */

  Resistor = &Resistors[0];        /* pointer to first resistor */

  /* show pinout */
  Display_Char(ID1);
  Display_EEString(Resistor_str);
  Display_Char(ID2); 

  /* show resistance value */
  Display_Space();
  Display_Value(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
}



/*
 *  show resistor(s)
 */

void Show_Resistor(void)
{
  Resistor_Type     *R1;           /* pointer to resistor #1 */
  Resistor_Type     *R2;           /* pointer to resistor #2 */
  uint8_t           Pin;           /* ID of common pin */

  R1 = &Resistors[0];              /* pointer to first resistor */

  if (Check.Resistors == 1)        /* single resistor */
  {
    R2 = NULL;                     /* disable second resistor */
    Pin = R1->A;                   /* make B the first pin */
  }
  else                             /* multiple resistors */
  {
    R2 = R1;
    R2++;                          /* pointer to second resistor */
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = 2;             /* got two */
    #endif

    if (Check.Resistors == 3)      /* three resistors */
    {
      Resistor_Type     *Rmax;     /* pointer to largest resistor */    

      /*
       *  3 resistors mean 2 single resistors and both resistors in series.
       *  So we have to single out that series resistor by finding the
       *  largest resistor.
       */

      Rmax = R1;                   /* starting point */
      for (Pin = 1; Pin <= 2; Pin++)
      {
        if (CmpValue(R2->Value, R2->Scale, Rmax->Value, Rmax->Scale) == 1)
        {
          Rmax = R2;          /* update largest one */
        }

        R2++;                 /* next one */
      }

      /* get the two smaller resistors */
      if (R1 == Rmax) R1++;
      R2 = R1;
      R2++;
      if (R2 == Rmax) R2++;
    }

    /* find common pin of both resistors */
    if ((R1->A == R2->A) || (R1->A == R2->B))
    {
      Pin = R1->A;            /* pin A */
    }
    else
    {
      Pin = R1->B;            /* pin B */
    }
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)R1;         /* link first resistor */
  Info.Comp2 = (void *)R2;         /* link second resistor */
  #endif


  /*
   *  display the pins
   */

  /* first resistor */
  if (R1->A != Pin)           /* A is not common pin */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(R1->A);    /* display pin A */
  }
  else                        /* single resistor or A is common pin */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(R1->B);    /* display pin B */
  }

  Display_EEString(Resistor_str);
  Display_ProbeNumber(Pin);       /* display common pin */

  if (R2)           /* second resistor */
  {
    Display_EEString(Resistor_str);

    if (R2->A != Pin)         /* A is not common pin */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(R2->A);  /* display pin A */
    }
    else                      /* A is common pin */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(R2->B);  /* display pin B */
    }
  }


  /*
   *  display the values
   */

  /* first resistor */
  Display_NextLine();
  Display_Value(R1->Value, R1->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

  if (R2)                /* second resistor */
  {
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(R2->Value, R2->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  }
  #ifdef SW_INDUCTOR
  else                   /* single resistor */
  {
    /* get inductance and display if relevant */
    if (MeasureInductor(R1) == 1)       /* inductor */
    {
      Display_Space();
      Display_Value(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, 'H');

      #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
      /* set data for remote commands */
      Info.Flags |= INFO_R_L;      /* inductance measured */
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_L_E6_T
      /* show E series norm values for E6 20% */
      Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E6, 200, 'H');
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_L_E12_T
      /* show E series norm values for E12 10% */
      Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E12, 100, 'H');
      #endif
    }
    #ifdef SW_R_EXX
    else                           /* no inductance */
    {
      #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T
      /* show E series norm values for E24 5% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T
      /* show E series norm values for E24 1% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E96_T
      /* show E series norm values for E96 1% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E96_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
      #endif
    }
    #endif
  }
  #elif defined (SW_R_EXX)
  else                             /* single resistor */
  {
    #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T
    /* show E series norm values for E24 5% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T
    /* show E series norm values for E24 1% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E96_T
    /* show E series norm values for E96 1% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E96_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
    #endif
  }
  #endif
}


/*
 *  show capacitor
 */

void Show_Capacitor(void)
{
  Capacitor_Type    *MaxCap;       /* pointer to largest cap */
  Capacitor_Type    *Cap;          /* pointer to cap */
  #if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)
  uint16_t          ESR;           /* ESR (in 0.01 Ohms) */
  #endif
  uint8_t           Counter;       /* loop counter */

  /* find largest cap */
  MaxCap = &Caps[0];               /* pointer to first cap */
  Cap = MaxCap;

  for (Counter = 1; Counter <= 2; Counter++) 
  {
    Cap++;                         /* next cap */

    if (CmpValue(Cap->Value, Cap->Scale, MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale) == 1)
    {
      MaxCap = Cap;
    }
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)MaxCap;     /* link largest cap */
  #endif

  /* display pinout */
  Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->A);  /* display pin #1 */
  Display_EEString(Cap_str);       /* display capacitor symbol */
  Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->B);  /* display pin #2 */

  /* show capacitance */
  Display_NextLine();              /* move to next line */
  Display_Value(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, 'F');

  #if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)
  /* show ESR */
  ESR = MeasureESR(MaxCap);        /* measure ESR */
  if (ESR < UINT16_MAX)            /* if successfull */
  {
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(ESR, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);  /* display ESR */
  }
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Val1 = ESR;               /* copy ESR */
    #endif
  #endif

  /* show discharge leakage current */
  if (MaxCap->I_leak > 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(I_leak_str);
    Display_Value(MaxCap->I_leak, -8, 'A');  /* in 10nA */
  }

  #ifdef SW_C_E6_T
  /* show E series norm values for E6 20% */
  Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E6, 200, 'F');
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_C_E12_T
  /* show E series norm values for E12 10% */
  Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E12, 100, 'F');
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show current (leakage or whatever) of semiconductor
 *
 *  Mapping for Semi structure:
 *  - I_value - current 
 *  - I_scale - scale for current (10^x)
 */

void Show_SemiCurrent(const unsigned char *String)
{
  if (CmpValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 50, -9) >= 0)  /* show if >=50nA */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(String);               /* display: <string> */
    Display_Value(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 'A');  /* display current */
  }
}



#ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/*
 *  display capacitance of a diode
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - pointer to diode structure
 */

void Show_Diode_Cap(Diode_Type *Diode)
{
  /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
  MeasureCap(Diode->C, Diode->A, 0);

  /* and show capacitance */
  Display_Value(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');
}

#endif



/*
 *  show diode
 */

void Show_Diode(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *D1;           /* pointer to diode #1 */
  Diode_Type        *D2 = NULL;    /* pointer to diode #2 */
  uint8_t           CapFlag = 1;   /* flag for capacitance output */
  uint8_t           A = 5;         /* ID of common anode */
  uint8_t           C = 5;         /* ID of common cothode */
  uint8_t           R_Pin1 = 5;    /* B_E resistor's pin #1 */
  uint8_t           R_Pin2 = 5;    /* B_E resistor's pin #2 */
  uint8_t           n;             /* counter */
  uint8_t           m;             /* counter */

  D1 = &Diodes[0];                 /* pointer to first diode */

  /*
   *  figure out which diodes to display
   */

  if (Check.Diodes == 1)           /* single diode */
  {
    C = D1->C;                     /* make cathode first pin */
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 2)      /* two diodes */
  {
    D2 = D1;
    D2++;                          /* pointer to second diode */

    if (D1->A == D2->A)            /* common anode */
    {
      A = D1->A;                   /* save common anode */

      /* possible PNP BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */
      R_Pin1 = D1->C;
      R_Pin2 = D2->C;
    }
    else if (D1->C == D2->C)       /* common cathode */
    {
      C = D1->C;                   /* save common cathode */

      /* possible NPN BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */
      R_Pin1 = D1->A;
      R_Pin2 = D2->A;
    }
    else if ((D1->A == D2->C) && (D1->C == D2->A))   /* anti-parallel */
    {
      A = D1->A;                   /* anode and cathode */
      C = A;                       /* are the same */
      CapFlag = 0;                 /* skip capacitance */
    }
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 3)      /* three diodes */
  {
    /*
     *  Two diodes in series are detected as a virtual third diode:
     *  - Check for any possible way the 2 diodes could be connected in series.
     *  - Only once the cathode of diode #1 matches the anode of diode #2.
     */

    for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)       /* loop for first diode */
    {
      D1 = &Diodes[n];             /* get pointer of first diode */

      for (m = 0; m <= 2; m++)     /* loop for second diode */
      {
        D2 = &Diodes[m];           /* get pointer of second diode */

        if (n != m)                /* don't check same diode :-) */
        {
          if (D1->C == D2->A)      /* got match */
          {
            n = 5;                 /* end loops */
            m = 5;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (n < 5) D2 = NULL;          /* no match found */
    C = D1->C;                     /* cathode of first diode */
    A = 3;                         /* in series mode */
  }
  else                             /* too much diodes */
  {
    Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);     /* display: -|>|- */
    Display_Space();                    /* display space */
    Display_Char(Check.Diodes + '0');   /* display number of diodes found */
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = Check.Diodes;       /* set quantity */
    #endif

    return;
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)D1;       /* link first diode */
  Info.Comp2 = (void *)D2;       /* link second diode */
  #endif


  /*
   *  display pins 
   */

  /* first diode */
  if (A < 3)        /* common anode: show C first */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(D1->C);         /* show C */
    Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str);     /* show -|<- */
    Display_ProbeNumber(A);             /* show A */
  }
  else              /* common cathode: show A first */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(D1->A);         /* show A */
    Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);     /* show ->|- */
    Display_ProbeNumber(C);             /* show C */
  }

  if (D2)           /* second diode */
  {
    if (A <= 3)          /* common anode or in-series */
    {
      Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);   /* show ->|- */
    }
    else                 /* common cathode */
    {
      Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str);   /* show -|<- */
    }

    if (A == C)          /* anti parallel */
    {
      n = D2->A;              /* get anode */
    }
    else if (A <= 3)     /* common anode or in-series */
    {
      n = D2->C;              /* get cathode */
    }
    else                 /* common cathode */
    {
      n = D2->A;              /* get anode */
    }

    Display_ProbeNumber(n);             /* display pin */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = 2;       /* got two */
    #endif
  }

  /* check for B-E resistor of possible BJT */
  if (R_Pin1 < 5)                  /* possible BJT */
  {
    /* B-E resistor below 25kOhms */
    if (CheckSingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2, 25) == 1)
    {
      /* show: PNP/NPN? */
      Display_Space();
      if (A < 3)                        /* PNP */
      {
        Display_EEString(PNP_str);
        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_PNP;    /* R_BE & PNP */
        #endif
      }
      else                              /* NPN */
      {
        Display_EEString(NPN_str);
        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_NPN;    /* R_BE & NPN */
        #endif
      }
      Display_Char('?');

      Display_NextLine();               /* move to line #2 */
      R_Pin1 += '1';                    /* convert pin ID to character */
      R_Pin2 += '1';
      Show_SingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2);   /* show resistor */
      CapFlag = 0;                      /* skip capacitance */
    }
  }


  /*
   *  display:
   *  - Uf (forward voltage)
   *  - reverse leakage current (for single diodes)
   *  - capacitance (not for anti-parallel diodes)
   */

  /* display Uf */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);    /* display: Vf */

  /* first diode */
  Display_Value(D1->V_f, -3, 'V');      /* in mV */

  Display_Space();

  /* display low current Uf and reverse leakage current for a single diode */
  if (D2 == NULL)                       /* single diode */
  {
    /* display low current Uf if it's quite low (Ge/Schottky diode) */
    if (D1->V_f2 < 250)            /* < 250mV */
    {
      Display_Char('(');
      Display_Value(D1->V_f2, 0, 0);    /* no unit */
      Display_Char(')');
    }

    /* reverse leakage current */
    UpdateProbes(D1->C, D1->A, 0);      /* reverse diode */
    GetLeakageCurrent(1);               /* get current */
    Show_SemiCurrent(I_R_str);          /* display I_R */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_D_I_R;           /* measured I_R */
    #endif
  }
  else                                  /* two diodes */
  {
    /* show Uf of second diode */
    Display_Value(D2->V_f, -3, 'V');
  }

  /* display capacitance */
  if (CapFlag == 1)                     /* if feasable */ 
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(DiodeCap_str);   /* display: C */

    #ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* first diode */
    Show_Diode_Cap(D1);                 /* measure & show capacitance */

    if (D2)                             /* second diode */
    {
      Display_Space();
      Show_Diode_Cap(D2);               /* measure & show capacitance */
    }
    #endif

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* first diode */
    MeasureCap(D1->C, D1->A, 0);        /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
    Display_Value(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');

    if (D2)                   /* second diode */
    {
      Display_Space();
      MeasureCap(D2->C, D2->A, 1);      /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
      Display_Value(Caps[1].Value, Caps[1].Scale, 'F');
    }
    #endif
  }
}



/*
 *  show BJT
 */

void Show_BJT(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *Diode;        /* pointer to diode */
  unsigned char     *String;       /* string pointer (EEPROM) */
  uint8_t           BE_A;          /* V_BE: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           BE_C;          /* V_BE: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           CE_A;          /* flyback diode: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           CE_C;          /* flyback diode: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           CE_Char;       /* character */
  #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
  uint8_t           BC_A;          /* clamping diode: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           BC_C;          /* clamping diode: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           BC_Char;       /* character */
  #endif
  uint16_t          V_BE = 0;      /* V_BE */
  int16_t           Slope;         /* slope of forward voltage */

  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Base pin
   *  B   - Collector pin
   *  C   - Emitter pin
   *  U_1 - U_BE (mV) (not implemented yet)
   *  U_3 - I_C/I_E (µA)
   *  F_1 - hFE
   *  F_2 - reverse hFE
   *  I_value/I_scale - I_CEO
   */

  /*
   *  preset stuff based on BJT type
   */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_NPN)       /* NPN */
  {
    String = (unsigned char *)NPN_str;       /* "NPN" */

    /* direction of B-E diode: B -> E */
    BE_A = Semi.A;                 /* anode at base */
    BE_C = Semi.C;                 /* cathode at emitter */

    /* direction of optional flyback diode */
    CE_A = Semi.C;                 /* anode at emitter */
    CE_C = Semi.B;                 /* cathode at collector */
    CE_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;   /* |<| */

    #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
    /* direction of B-C diode: B -> C */
    BC_A = Semi.A;                 /* anode at base */
    BC_C = Semi.B;                 /* cathode at collector */
    BC_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;   /* |>| */
    #endif
  }
  else                             /* PNP */
  {
    String = (unsigned char *)PNP_str;       /* "PNP" */

    /* direction of B-E diode: E -> B */
    BE_A = Semi.C;                 /* anode at emitter */
    BE_C = Semi.A;                 /* cathode at base */

    /* direction of optional flyback diode */
    CE_A = Semi.B;                 /* anode at collector */
    CE_C = Semi.C;                 /* cathode at emitter */
    CE_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;   /* |>| */

    #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
    /* direction of B-C diode: C -> B */
    BC_A = Semi.B;                 /* anode at collector */
    BC_C = Semi.A;                 /* cathode at base */
    BC_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;   /* |<| */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display type
   */

  Display_EEString_Space(BJT_str);      /* display: BJT */
  Display_EEString(String);             /* display: NPN / PNP */

  /* parasitic BJT (freewheeling diode on same substrate) */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_PARASITIC)
  {
    Display_Char('+');                  /* display: + */
  }

  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */


  /*
   *  display pinout
   */

  Show_SemiPinout('B', 'C', 'E');

  /* optional freewheeling diode */
  Diode = SearchDiode(CE_A, CE_C);     /* search for matching diode */
  if (Diode != NULL)                   /* got it */
  {
    Display_Space();          /* display space */
    Display_Char('C');        /* display: collector */
    Display_Char(CE_Char);    /* display diode symbol */
    Display_Char('E');        /* display: emitter */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_D_FB;   /* found flyback diode */
    Info.Comp1 = Diode;            /* link diode */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display B-E resistor if detected
   */

  /* check for B-E resistor below 25kOhms */
  if (CheckSingleResistor(BE_C, BE_A, 25) == 1)   /* found B-E resistor */
  {
    Display_NextLine();            /* next line (#3) */
    Show_SingleResistor('B', 'E');
    /* B-E resistor renders hFE and V_BE measurements useless */

    #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
    UI.SymbolLine = 4;             /* display fancy pinout in line #4 */
    #endif

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_R_BE;   /* R_BE */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display h_FE
   */

  /* display h_FE */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(h_FE_str);       /* display: hFE */
  Display_Value(Semi.F_1, 0, 0);             /* display h_FE */

  /* display hFE test circuit type */
  Display_Space();
  if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_EMITTER)         /* common emitter */
  {
    /* common emitter circuit */
    Display_Char('e');                         /* display: e */
  }
  else if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_COLLECTOR)  /* common collector */
  {
    /* common collector circuit */
    Display_Char('c');                         /* display: c */
  }

  #ifdef SW_HFE_CURRENT
  /* display test current for hFE measurement */
  Display_NL_EEString(I_str);                  /* display: I_ */
  if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_EMITTER)         /* common emitter */
  {
    /* I_C */
    Display_Char('C');                         /* display: C */
  }
  else if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_COLLECTOR)  /* common collector */
  {
    /* I_E */
    Display_Char('E');                         /* display: E */
  }
  Display_Space();
  Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_3, -6, 'A');      /* display I_C/I_E */
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_REVERSE_HFE
  /* display reverse hFE */
  if (Diode == NULL)               /* no freewheeling diode */
  {
    if (Semi.F_2 > 0)              /* valid value */
    {
      Display_NL_EEString_Space(h_FE_r_str);      /* display: hFEr */
      Display_Value(Semi.F_2, 0, 0);              /* display reverse h_FE */
    }
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  display V_BE
   *  (taken from diode's forward voltage)
   */

  Diode = SearchDiode(BE_A, BE_C);      /* search for matching B-E diode */
  if (Diode != NULL)                    /* found diode */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_BE_str);     /* display: Vbe */

    /*
     *  V_f is quite linear for a logarithmicly scaled I_b.
     *  So we may interpolate the V_f values of low and high test current
     *  measurements for a virtual test current. Low test current is 10µA
     *  and high test current is 7mA. That's a logarithmic scale of
     *  3 decades.
     */

    /* calculate slope for one decade */
    Slope = Diode->V_f - Diode->V_f2;
    Slope /= 3;

    /* select V_BE based on hFE */
    if (Semi.F_1 < 100)                 /* low h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with low hFE are power transistors and need a large I_b
       *  to drive the load. So we simply take Vf of the high test current
       *  measurement (7mA). 
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f;
    }
    else if (Semi.F_1 < 250)            /* mid-range h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with a mid-range hFE are signal transistors and need
       *  a small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf for
       *  a virtual test current of about 1mA.
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f - Slope;
    }
    else                                /* high h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with a high hFE are small signal transistors and need
       *  only a very small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf
       *  for a virtual test current of about 0.1mA.
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f2 + Slope;
    }

    Display_Value(V_BE, -3, 'V');       /* in mV */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Val1 = V_BE;                   /* copy V_BE */
    #endif
  }

  /* I_CEO: collector emitter open current (leakage) */
  Show_SemiCurrent(I_CEO_str);          /* display I_CEO */


  #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
  /*
   *  Schottky transistor / Schottky-clamped BJT
   *  - V_BC of a Germanium BJT is as low as V_f of a Schottky diode.
   *    So we check only Silicon BJTs.
   */

  /* check for Si BJT */
  if (V_BE > 500)                       /* V_BE > 500mV */
  {
    Diode = SearchDiode(BC_A, BC_C);    /* search for matching diode */
    if (Diode != NULL)                  /* found diode */
    {
      /* check for Schottky diode */
      if (Diode->V_f < 450)             /* V_f < 450mV */
      {
        Display_NextLine();             /* next line */

        /* display diode */
        Display_Char('B');              /* display: base */
        Display_Char(BC_Char);          /* display diode symbol */
        Display_Char('C');              /* display: collector */

        /* display diode's V_f */
        Display_Space();                     /* display space */
        Display_Value(Diode->V_f, -3, 'V');  /* display V_f */

        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_SCHOTTKY;     /* Schottky-clamped BJT */
//        Info.Comp2 = Diode;                  /* link diode */
        #endif
      }
    }
  }
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show MOSFET/IGBT extras
 *  - diode
 *  - V_th
 *  - Cgs
 */

void Show_FET_Extras(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *Diode;        /* pointer to diode */  
  uint8_t           Anode;         /* anode of diode */
  uint8_t           Cathode;       /* cathode of diode */
  uint8_t           Char_1;        /* pin name */
  uint8_t           Char_2;        /* pin name */
  uint8_t           Symbol;        /* diode symbol */

  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Drain pin
   *  C   - Source pin
   *  U_1 - R_DS_on (0.01 Ohms)
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   */

  /*
   *  show instrinsic/freewheeling diode
   */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)      /* n-channel/NPN */
  {
    Anode = Semi.C;                /* source/emitter */
    Cathode = Semi.B;              /* drain/collector */
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;    /* |<| */
  }
  else                                  /* p-channel/PNP */
  {
    Anode = Semi.B;                /* drain/collector */
    Cathode = Semi.C;              /* source/emitter */
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;    /* |>| */
  }

  if (Check.Found == COMP_FET)     /* FET */
  {
    Char_1 = 'D';
    Char_2 = 'S';
  }
  else                             /* IGBT */
  {
    Char_1 = 'C';
    Char_2 = 'E';
  }

  /* search for matching diode */
  Diode = SearchDiode(Anode, Cathode);
  if (Diode != NULL)          /* got it */
  {
    /* show diode */
    Display_Space();          /* space */
    Display_Char(Char_1);     /* left pin name */
    Display_Char(Symbol);     /* diode symbol */
    Display_Char(Char_2);     /* right pin name */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_D_FB;   /* found flyback diode */
    Info.Comp1 = Diode;            /* link diode */
    #endif
  }

  /* skip remaining stuff for depletion-mode FETs/IGBTs */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_DEPLETION) return;

  /* gate threshold voltage V_th */
  if (Semi.U_2 != 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vth_str);      /* display: Vth */
    Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_2, -3, 'V');  /* display V_th in mV */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_V_TH;             /* measured Vth */
    #endif
  }

  /* display gate-source capacitance C_GS */
  /* todo: display "Cge" for IGBT? */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Cgs_str);             /* display: Cgs */
  Display_Value(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, 'F'); /* display value and unit */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_C_GS;               /* measured C_GS */
  #endif

  /* display R_DS_on, if available */
  if (Semi.U_1 > 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(R_DS_str);          /* display: Rds */
    Display_Value(Semi.U_1, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);  /* display value */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_R_DS;             /* measured R_DS */
    #endif
  }

  /* display V_f of diode, if available */
  if (Diode != NULL)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);       /* display: Vf */
    Display_Value(Diode->V_f, -3, 'V');      /* display value */
  }
}



/*
 *  show FET/IGBT channel type
 */

void Show_FET_Channel(void)
{
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */

  /* channel type */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)      /* n-channel */
  {
    Display_Char('N');                  /* display: N */
  }
  else                                  /* p-channel */
  {
    Display_Char('P');                  /* display: P */
  }

  Display_EEString(Channel_str);        /* display: -ch */
}



/*
 *  show FET/IGBT mode
 */

void Show_FET_Mode(void)
{
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_ENHANCEMENT)    /* enhancement mode */
  {
    Display_EEString(Enhancement_str);  /* display: enh. */
  }
  else                                  /* depletion mode */
  {
    Display_EEString(Depletion_str);    /* display: dep. */
  }
}



/*
 *  show FET (MOSFET & JFET)
 */

void Show_FET(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Drain pin
   *  C   - Source pin
   *  U_1 - R_DS_on (0.01 Ohms)
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   *  U_3 - V_GS(off) (mV)
   */

  /* display type */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET)    /* MOSFET */
  {
    Display_EEString(MOS_str);          /* display: MOS */
  }
  else                             /* JFET */
  {
    Display_Char('J');                  /* display: J */
  }
  Display_EEString(FET_str);       /* display: FET */

  /* display channel type */
  Show_FET_Channel();
      
  /* display mode for MOSFETs*/
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET) Show_FET_Mode();

  /* pinout */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_SYMMETRICAL)    /* symmetrical Drain and Source */
  {
    /* we can't distinguish D and S */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'x', 'x');     /* show pinout */
  }
  else                                  /* unsymmetrical Drain and Source */
  {
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'D', 'S');     /* show pinout */
  }

  /* show body diode, V_th and Cgs for MOSFETs */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET) Show_FET_Extras();

  /* show I_DSS and V_GS(off) for depletion mode FET */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_DEPLETION)
  {
    /* I_DSS */
    Show_SemiCurrent(I_DSS_str);        /* display Idss */

    /* V_GS(off) */
    if (Semi.U_3 != 0)                  /* valid value */
    {
      Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_GSoff_str);     /* display: V_GS(off) */
      #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
      /* we need some space for the symbol: move value to next line */
      Display_NextLine();
      Display_Space();
      #endif
      Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_3, -3, 'V');     /* display V_GS(off) in mV */
    }
  }
}



/*
 *  show IGBT  
 */

void Show_IGBT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Collector pin
   *  C   - Emitter pin
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   */

  Display_EEString(IGBT_str);      /* display: IGBT */
  Show_FET_Channel();              /* display channel type */
  Show_FET_Mode();                 /* display mode */

  Display_NextLine();              /* next line (#2) */
  Show_SemiPinout('G', 'C', 'E');  /* show pinout */

  Show_FET_Extras();               /* show diode, V_th and C_GE */
}



/*
 *  show Thyristor and TRIAC
 */

void Show_ThyristorTriac(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *        SCR        TRIAC
   *  A   - Gate       Gate
   *  B   - Anode      MT2
   *  C   - Cathode    MT1
   *  U_1 - V_GT (mV)
   */

  /* display component type any pinout */
  if (Check.Found == COMP_THYRISTOR)    /* SCR */
  {
    Display_EEString(Thyristor_str);    /* display: thyristor */
    Display_NextLine();                 /* next line (#2) */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'A', 'C');     /* display pinout */
  }
  else                                  /* TRIAC */
  {
    Display_EEString(Triac_str);        /* display: TRIAC */
    Display_NextLine();                 /* next line (#2) */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', '2', '1');     /* display pinout */
  }

  /* show V_GT (gate trigger voltage) */
  if (Semi.U_1 > 0)                /* show if not zero */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_GT_str);     /* display: V_GT */
    Display_Value(Semi.U_1, -3, 'V');        /* display V_GT in mV */
  }
}



/*
 *  show PUT
 */

void Show_PUT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for AltSemi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   *  U_1 - V_f
   *  U_2 - V_T
   *
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   */

  Display_EEString(PUT_str);            /* display: PUT */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to line #2 */
  Show_SemiPinout('G', 'A', 'C');       /* display pinout */

  /* display V_T */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_T_str);   /* display: VT */
  Display_Value(AltSemi.U_2, -3, 'V');  /* display V_T */

  /* display V_f */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);    /* display: Vf */
  Display_Value(AltSemi.U_1, -3, 'V');  /* display V_f */
}



#ifdef SW_UJT

/*
 *  show UJT
 */

void Show_UJT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for AltSemi structure:
   *  A   - Emitter
   *  B   - B2
   *  C   - B1
   +
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   */

  Display_EEString(UJT_str);            /* display: UJT */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */
  Show_SemiPinout('E', '2', '1');       /* display pinout */

  /* display r_BB */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(R_BB_str);  /* display: R_BB */  
  Display_Value(Resistors[0].Value, Resistors[0].Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
}

#endif



/* ************************************************************************
 *   voltage reference
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  manage voltage references
 */

void CheckVoltageRefs(void)
{
  #ifdef HW_REF25
  uint16_t          U_Ref;         /* reference voltage */
  uint32_t          Temp;          /* temporary value */
  #endif


  /*
   *  external 2.5V voltage reference
   */

  #ifdef HW_REF25
  Cfg.Samples = 200;               /* perform 200 ADC samples for high accuracy */
  U_Ref = ReadU(TP_REF);           /* read voltage of reference (mV) */

  /* check for valid voltage range */
  if ((U_Ref > 2250) && (U_Ref < 2750))      /* voltage is fine */
  {
    /* adjust Vcc (assuming 2.495V typically) */
    Temp = ((uint32_t)Cfg.Vcc * UREF_25) / U_Ref;
    Cfg.Vcc = (uint16_t)Temp;

    Cfg.OP_Mode |= OP_EXT_REF;          /* set flag */
  }
  else                                       /* voltage out of range */
  {
    Cfg.OP_Mode &= ~OP_EXT_REF;         /* clear flag */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  internal 1.1V bandgap reference
   */

  Cfg.Bandgap = ReadU(ADC_CHAN_BANDGAP);     /* dummy read for bandgap stabilization */
  Cfg.Samples = 200;                         /* perform 200 ADC samples for high accuracy */
  Cfg.Bandgap = ReadU(ADC_CHAN_BANDGAP);     /* get voltage of bandgap reference (mV) */
  Cfg.Bandgap += NV.RefOffset;               /* add voltage offset */

  /* clean up */
  Cfg.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;            /* set ADC samples back to default */
}



/* ************************************************************************
 *   power control and monitoring
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  power off
 */

void PowerOff(void)
{
  /* display feedback (otherwise the user will wait :) */
  LCD_Clear();
  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;            /* set pen color */
  #endif
  Display_EEString(Bye_str);            /* display: Bye! */

  cli();                                /* disable interrupts */
  wdt_disable();                        /* disable watchdog */
  #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
  POWER_PORT &= ~(1 << POWER_CTRL);     /* power off myself */
  #endif

  /*
   *  As long as the user keeps the test button pressed the MCU is still
   *  powered. Therefor we make sure that nothing happens by forcing the
   *  MCU to sleep which also saves power. Same for a classic power switch.
   */

  set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);  /* set sleep mode to "power down" */
  sleep_mode();                         /* enter sleep mode */
}



#ifndef BAT_NONE

/*
 *  display battery status
 *  - uses voltage stored in Cfg.Vbat
 */

void ShowBattery(void)
{
  /* display battery voltage */
  Display_EEString_Space(Battery_str);     /* display: Bat. */

  #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
  /* check for unmonitored external power supply */
  if (Cfg.Vbat < 900)              /* < 0.9V */
  {
    /* powered by unmonitored external PSU */
    /* low voltage caused by diode's leakage current */

    /* display status */
    #ifdef LCD_COLOR
    UI.PenColor = COLOR_GREEN;          /* use green */
    #endif
    Display_EEString(External_str);     /* display: ext */
  }
  else                             /* battery operation */
  {
     /* powered by battery */
  #endif

    /* display battery voltage */
    Display_Value(Cfg.Vbat / 10, -2, 'V');
    Display_Space();

    /* display status */
    if (Cfg.Vbat < BAT_LOW)        /* low level reached */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_RED;          /* use red */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(Low_str);        /* display: low */
    }
    else if (Cfg.Vbat < BAT_WEAK)  /* warning level reached */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_YELLOW;       /* use yellow */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(Weak_str);       /* display: weak */
    }
    else                           /* ok */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_GREEN;        /* use green */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(OK_str);         /* display: ok */
    }

  #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_PEN;         /* set color back to default */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  check battery
 *  - store battery voltage in Cfg.Vbat
 *  - power off in case of a low battery
 */

void CheckBattery(void)
{
  uint16_t          U_Bat;         /* battery voltage */

  /* get current battery voltage */
  U_Bat = ReadU(TP_BAT);           /* read voltage (mV) */

  #ifdef BAT_DIVIDER
  uint32_t          Temp;          /* temporary value */

  /*
   *  ADC pin is connected to a voltage divider (top: R1 / bottom: R2).
   *  - U2 = (Uin / (R1 + R2)) * R2 
   *  - Uin = (U2 * (R1 + R2)) / R2
   */

  Temp = (((uint32_t)(BAT_R1 + BAT_R2) * 1000) / BAT_R2);   /* factor (0.001) */
  Temp *= U_Bat;                   /* Uin (0.001 mV) */
  Temp /= 1000;                    /* Uin (mV) */
  U_Bat = (uint16_t)Temp;
  #endif

  U_Bat += BAT_OFFSET;             /* add offset for voltage drop */
  Cfg.Vbat = U_Bat;                /* save battery voltage */
  Cfg.BatTimer = 100;              /* reset timer for next battery check (in 100ms) */
                                   /* about 10s */

  /* check for low-voltage situation */
  if (U_Bat < BAT_LOW)             /* low level reached */
  {
    #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
    /* not for unmonitored external power supply */
    if (U_Bat >= 900)                   /* >= 0.9V */
    {
      /* battery operation */
    #endif

      LCD_Clear();                 /* clear display */
      ShowBattery();               /* display battery status */
      MilliSleep(3000);            /* let user read info */
      PowerOff();                  /* power off */

    #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
    }
    #endif
  }
}

#endif



/* ************************************************************************
 *   the one and only main()
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  main function
 */

int main(void)
{
  uint8_t           Test;          /* test value */
  uint8_t           Key;           /* user feedback */


  /*
   *  init hardware
   */

  #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
  /* switch on power to keep me alive */
  POWER_DDR = (1 << POWER_CTRL);        /* set pin as output */
  POWER_PORT = (1 << POWER_CTRL);       /* set pin to drive power management transistor */
  #endif

  /* set up MCU */
  MCUCR = (1 << PUD);                   /* disable pull-up resistors globally */
  ADCSRA = (1 << ADEN) | ADC_CLOCK_DIV; /* enable ADC and set clock divider */

  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
  /* init discharge relay (safe mode): short circuit probes */
                                        /* ADC_PORT should be 0 */
  ADC_DDR = (1 << TP_REF);              /* disable relay */
  #endif

  /* catch watchdog */  
  Test = (MCUSR & (1 << WDRF));         /* save watchdog flag */
  MCUSR &= ~(1 << WDRF);                /* reset watchdog flag */
  wdt_disable();                        /* disable watchdog */


  /*
   *  set important default values
   */

  #if defined (UI_AUTOHOLD) || defined (UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS)
    /* reset mode/state flags and set auto-hold mode */
    Cfg.OP_Mode = OP_AUTOHOLD;          /* set auto-hold */
  #else
    /* reset mode/state flags and set continuous mode */
    Cfg.OP_Mode = OP_NONE;              /* none = continuous */
  #endif
  Cfg.OP_Control = OP_OUT_LCD;          /* reset control/signal flags */
                                        /* enable output to display */
  #ifdef SAVE_POWER
  Cfg.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_PWR_SAVE;  /* sleep mode: power save */
  #endif                                /* we have to keep Timer2 running */


  /*
   *  set up busses and interfaces
   */

  /* test push button */
  /* set to input by default */

  #ifdef HW_SERIAL
  /* hardware or bitbang USART */
  Serial_Setup();                       /* set up TTL serial interface */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_I2C
  /* hardware or bitbang I2C */
  I2C_Setup();                          /* set up I2C bus */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_SPI
  /* hardware or bitbang SPI */
  SPI_Setup();                          /* set up SPI bus */
  #endif

  /* display module */
  LCD_BusSetup();                       /* set up display bus */

  /* touch screen */
  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  Touch_BusSetup();                     /* set up touch screen */
  #endif

  #ifdef ONEWIRE_IO_PIN
  /* OneWire with dedicated IO pin */
  OneWire_Setup();                      /* set up OneWire bus */
  #endif


  /*
   *  watchdog was triggered (timeout 2s)
   *  - This is after the MCU done a reset driven by the watchdog.
   *  - Does only work if the capacitor at the base of the power management
   *    transistor is large enough to survive a MCU reset. Otherwise the
   *    tester simply loses power.
   */

  if (Test)
  {
    /* Display was initialized before but some global variables in the driver
       might be zeroed. Drivers with line tracking won't clear screen. */
    LCD_Clear();                        /* clear display */
    #ifdef LCD_COLOR
    UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;          /* set pen color */
    #endif
    Display_EEString(Timeout_str);      /* display: timeout */
    Display_NL_EEString(Error_str);     /* display: error */
    MilliSleep(2000);                   /* give user some time to read */
    #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
      POWER_PORT &= ~(1 << POWER_CTRL);      /* power off myself */
    #elif defined (POWER_SWITCH_MANUAL)
      /* enter sleep mode to prevent any further action */
      /* user should power off tester */
      set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);   /* set sleep mode to "power down" */
      sleep_mode();                          /* enter sleep mode */
    #endif

    return 0;                           /* exit program */
  }


  /*
   *  operation mode selection
   *  - short key press -> continuous mode
   *  - long key press -> auto-hold mode
   *  - very long key press -> reset to defaults
   */

  Key = 0;                              /* reset key press type */

  /* catch key press */
  if (!(BUTTON_PIN & (1 << TEST_BUTTON)))    /* test button pressed */
  {
    Test = 0;                      /* ticks counter */

    while (Key == 0)               /* loop until we got a type */
    {
      MilliSleep(20);                   /* wait 20ms */

      if (!(BUTTON_PIN & (1 << TEST_BUTTON)))     /* button still pressed */
      {
        Test++;                         /* increase counter */
        if (Test > 100) Key = 3;        /* >2000ms */
      }
      else                                        /* button released */
      {
        Key = 1;                        /* <300ms */
        if (Test > 15) Key = 2;         /* >300ms */
      }
    }
  }

  #ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* key press >300ms selects alternative operation mode */
  if (Key > 1)
  {
    #ifdef UI_AUTOHOLD
      /* change mode to continuous */
      Cfg.OP_Mode &= ~OP_AUTOHOLD;      /* clear auto-hold */
    #else
      /* change mode to auto-hold */
      Cfg.OP_Mode |= OP_AUTOHOLD;       /* set auto-hold */
    #endif
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
  /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
  if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
  {
    Cfg.OP_Control |= OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;   /* enable power-off timeout */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  init display module
   */

  #ifdef SW_DISPLAY_ID
  Cfg.DisplayID = 0;                    /* reset display ID */
  #endif

  LCD_Init();                           /* initialize LCD */

  UI.LineMode = LINE_STD;               /* reset next-line mode */
  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;            /* set pen color */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  Touch_Init();                         /* init touch screen */
  #endif


  /*
   *  load saved adjustment offsets and values
   */

  if (Key == 3)               /* key press >2s resets to defaults */
  {
    SetAdjustmentDefaults();       /* set default values */
  }
  else                        /* normal mode */
  {
    /* load adjustment values: profile #1 */
    ManageAdjustmentStorage(STORAGE_LOAD, 1);
  }

  /* set extra stuff */
  #ifdef SW_CONTRAST
  LCD_Contrast(NV.Contrast);            /* set LCD contrast */
  #endif


  /*
   *  welcome user
   */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_On();                  /* enable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  Display_EEString(Tester_str);         /* display: Component Tester */
  Display_NL_EEString(Version_str);     /* display firmware version */

  #ifdef SW_DISPLAY_ID
  /* show ID of display controller */
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */
  Display_HexValue(Cfg.DisplayID, 16);  /* display ID */
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_Off();                 /* disable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_PEN;              /* set pen color */
  #endif

  MilliSleep(1500);                     /* let the user read the display */


  /*
   *  init variables
   */

  /* cycling */
  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  MissedParts = 0;                      /* reset counter */
  #endif
  Key = KEY_POWER_ON;                   /* just powered on */

  /* default offsets and values */
  Cfg.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;            /* number of ADC samples */
  Cfg.AutoScale = 1;                    /* enable ADC auto scaling */
  Cfg.Ref = 1;                          /* no ADC reference set yet */
  Cfg.Vcc = UREF_VCC;                   /* voltage of Vcc */

  /* MCU */
  wdt_enable(WDTO_2S);		        /* enable watchdog: timeout 2s */


  /*
   *  user interaction after power-on
   */

  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  /* adjust touch screen if not done yet */
  if ((Touch.X_Start == 0) && (Touch.X_Stop == 0))     /* defaults */
  {
    Test = Touch_Adjust();         /* adjust touch screen */

    if (Test == 0)                 /* error */
    {
      LCD_ClearLine2();
      Display_EEString(Error_str);      /* display: Error */
      MilliSleep(1000);                 /* smooth UI */
      TestKey(2500, CURSOR_BLINK | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_BAT);
    }
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_CHOOSE_PROFILE
  /* select adjustment profile */
  AdjustmentMenu(STORAGE_LOAD | STORAGE_SHORT);
  #endif



  /*
   *  interrupts
   */

  sei();                           /* enable interrupts */


  /*
   *  main processing loop (probing cycle)
   */

cycle_start:

  /* reset variables */
  Check.Found = COMP_NONE;         /* no component */
  Check.Type = 0;                  /* reset type flags */
  Check.Done = DONE_NONE;          /* no transistor */
  Check.AltFound = COMP_NONE;      /* no alternative component */
  Check.Diodes = 0;                /* reset diode counter */
  Check.Resistors = 0;             /* reset resistor counter */
  Semi.Flags = 0;                  /* reset flags */
  Semi.U_1 = 0;                    /* reset values */
  Semi.U_2 = 0;
  Semi.U_3 = 0;
  Semi.F_1 = 0;
  #ifdef SW_REVERSE_HFE
  Semi.F_2 = 0;
  #endif
  Semi.I_value = 0;
  AltSemi.U_1 = 0;
  AltSemi.U_2 = 0;
  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  Info.Quantity = 0;               /* zero components */
  Info.Selected = 1;               /* select first component */
  Info.Flags = INFO_NONE;          /* reset flags */
  Info.Comp1 = NULL;               /* reset pointer to first component */
  Info.Comp2 = NULL;               /* reset pointer to second component */
  #endif
  #ifdef HW_KEYS
  UI.KeyOld = KEY_NONE;            /* no key */
  UI.KeyStepOld = 1;               /* step size 1 */
  #endif
  #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
  UI.SymbolLine = 3;               /* default: line #3 */
  #endif

  /* reset hardware */
  ADC_DDR = 0;                     /* set all pins of ADC port as input */
  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
    /*
     *  This also enables the discharge relay via the external reference
     *  and removes the short circuit.
     */
  #endif

  UI.LineMode = LINE_KEEP;              /* next-line mode: keep first line */
  LCD_Clear();                          /* clear LCD */


  /*
   *  voltage references
   */

  CheckVoltageRefs();                   /* manage voltage references */


  /*
   *  battery check
   */

  #ifdef BAT_NONE
    /* no battery monitoring */
    Display_EEString(Tester_str);       /* display: Component Tester */
  #else
    /* battery monitoring */
    CheckBattery();                     /* check battery voltage */
                                        /* will power off on low battery */
    ShowBattery();                      /* display battery status */
  #endif


  /*
   *  probing
   */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* skip first probing after power-on */
  if (Key == KEY_POWER_ON)         /* first cycle */
  {
    goto cycle_control;            /* skip probing */
    /* will also change Key */
  }
  #endif

  /* display start of probing */
  Display_NL_EEString(Probing_str);     /* display: probing... */

  /* try to discharge any connected component */
  DischargeProbes();
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR)   /* discharge failed */
  {
    goto show_component;           /* skip all other checks */
  }

  #ifdef UI_SHORT_CIRCUIT_MENU
  /* enter main menu if requested by short-circuiting all probes */
  if (ShortedProbes() == 3)        /* all probes short-circuited */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* trigger main menu */
    goto cycle_action;             /* perform action */
  }
  #endif

  /* check all 6 combinations of the 3 probes */
  CheckProbes(PROBE_1, PROBE_2, PROBE_3);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_2, PROBE_1, PROBE_3);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_1, PROBE_3, PROBE_2);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_3, PROBE_1, PROBE_2);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_2, PROBE_3, PROBE_1);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_3, PROBE_2, PROBE_1);

  CheckAlternatives();             /* process alternatives */

  /* if component might be a capacitor */
  if ((Check.Found == COMP_NONE) ||
      (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR))
  {
    /* tell user to be patient with large caps :-) */
    Display_Space();
    Display_Char('C');    

    /* check all possible combinations */
    MeasureCap(PROBE_3, PROBE_1, 0);
    MeasureCap(PROBE_3, PROBE_2, 1);
    MeasureCap(PROBE_2, PROBE_1, 2);
  }


  /*
   *  output test results
   */

show_component:

  LCD_Clear();                     /* clear LCD */

  /* next-line mode */
  Test = LINE_KEEP | LINE_KEY;     /* keep first line and wait for key/timeout */
  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Key == KEY_PROBE)            /* probing by command */
  {
    Test = LINE_KEEP;              /* don't wait for key/timeout */
  }
  #endif
  UI.LineMode = Test;              /* change mode */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_On();             /* enable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_RESISTOR)
  {
    Info.Quantity = 1;             /* got one at least */
  }
  #endif

  /* call output function based on component type */
  switch (Check.Found)
  {
    case COMP_ERROR:
      Show_Error();
      break;

    case COMP_DIODE:
      Show_Diode();
      break;

    case COMP_BJT:
      Show_BJT();
      break;

    case COMP_FET:
      Show_FET();
      break;

    case COMP_IGBT:
      Show_IGBT();
      break;

    case COMP_THYRISTOR:
      Show_ThyristorTriac();
      break;

    case COMP_TRIAC:
      Show_ThyristorTriac();
      break;

    case COMP_PUT:
      Show_PUT();
      break;

    #ifdef SW_UJT
    case COMP_UJT:
      Show_UJT();
      break;
    #endif

    case COMP_RESISTOR:
      Show_Resistor();
      break;

    case COMP_CAPACITOR:
      Show_Capacitor();
      break;

    default:                  /* no component found */
      Show_Fail();
      break;
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_Off();            /* disable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
  /* display fancy pinout for 3-pin semiconductors */
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_BJT)     /* 3-pin semi */
  {
    if (UI.SymbolLine)             /* not zero */
    {
      LCD_FancySemiPinout(UI.SymbolLine);    /* display pinout */
    }
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Key == KEY_PROBE)       /* probing by command */
  {
    Display_Serial_Only();              /* switch output to serial */
    Display_EEString_NL(Cmd_OK_str);    /* send: OK & newline */
    Display_LCD_Only();                 /* switch output back to display */

    /* We don't have to restore the next-line mode since it will be 
       changed a few line below anyway. */
  }
  #endif

  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  /* component was found */
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_RESISTOR)
  {
    MissedParts = 0;          /* reset counter */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  manage cycling and power-off
   */

cycle_control:

  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
  /* discharge relay: short circuit probes */
                                   /* ADC_PORT should be 0 */
  ADC_DDR = (1 << TP_REF);         /* disable relay */
  #endif

  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  Serial_Ctrl(SER_RX_RESUME);      /* enable TTL serial RX */
  #endif

  UI.LineMode = LINE_STD;          /* reset next-line mode */

  /* wait for key press or timeout */
  #ifdef UI_KEY_HINTS
    Display_LastLine();
    UI.KeyHint = (unsigned char *)Menu_or_Test_str;
    Key = TestKey((uint16_t)CYCLE_DELAY, CURSOR_BLINK | CURSOR_TEXT | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_KEY_TWICE | CHECK_BAT);
  #else
    Key = TestKey((uint16_t)CYCLE_DELAY, CURSOR_BLINK | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_KEY_TWICE | CHECK_BAT);
  #endif

  if (Key == KEY_TIMEOUT)          /* timeout (no key press) */
  {
    /* implies continuous mode */

    #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
    /* check if we reached the maximum number of missed parts in a row */
    if (MissedParts >= CYCLE_MAX)
    {
      Key = KEY_POWER_OFF;         /* signal power off */
    }
    #endif
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_TWICE)       /* two short key presses */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* signal main menu */
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_LONG)        /* long key press */
  {
    Key = KEY_POWER_OFF;           /* signal power off */
  }
  #ifdef HW_KEYS
  else if (Key == KEY_LEFT)        /* rotary encoder: left turn */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* signal main menu */
  }
  #endif
  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  else if (Key == KEY_COMMAND)     /* remote command */
  {
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    Key = KEY_NONE;                /* reset key */
    Display_Serial_Only();         /* switch output to serial */
    Test = GetCommand();           /* get command */
    if (Test != CMD_NONE)          /* valid command */
    {
      Key = RunCommand(Test);      /* run command */
    }
    Display_LCD_Only();            /* switch output back to display */

    /* if we got a virtual key perform requested action */
    if (Key != KEY_NONE) goto cycle_action;
    #endif

    goto cycle_control;            /* re-run cycle control */
  }
  #endif

#if defined (UI_SHORT_CIRCUIT_MENU) || defined (UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS)
cycle_action:
#endif

  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  Serial_Ctrl(SER_RX_PAUSE);       /* disable TTL serial RX */
  /* todo: when we got a locked buffer meanwhile? */
  #endif

  if (Key == KEY_MAINMENU)         /* run main menu */
  {
    #ifdef SAVE_POWER
    /* change sleep mode the Idle to keep timers & other stuff running */
    Test = Cfg.SleepMode;               /* get current mode */
    Cfg.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_IDLE;    /* change sleep mode to Idle */
    #endif

    #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
    /* discharge relay: remove short circuit */
    ADC_DDR = 0;                   /* enable relay (via external reference) */
    /* todo: move this to MainMenu()? (after selecting item) */
    #endif

    #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
    /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
    if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
    {
      Cfg.OP_Control &= ~OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;  /* disable power-off timeout */
    }
    #endif

    MainMenu();                    /* enter main menu */

    #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
    /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
    if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
    {
      Cfg.OP_Control |= OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;   /* enable power-off timeout */
    }
    #endif

    #ifdef SAVE_POWER
    /* change sleep mode back */
    Cfg.SleepMode = Test;          /* change sleep mode back */
    #endif

    goto cycle_control;            /* re-run cycle control */
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_POWER_OFF)   /* power off */
  {
    PowerOff();                    /* power off */
  }
  else                             /* default action */
  {
    goto cycle_start;              /* next round */
  }

  return 0;
}



/* ************************************************************************
 *   clean-up of local constants
 * ************************************************************************ */


/* source management */
#undef MAIN_C



/* ************************************************************************
 *   EOF
 * ************************************************************************ */

Changed text

Open file

/* ************************************************************************
 *
 *   main part
 *
 *   (c) 2012-2020 by Markus Reschke
 *   based on code from Markus Frejek and Karl-Heinz Kübbeler
 *
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  local constants
 */

/* source management */
#define MAIN_C


/*
 *  include header files
 */

/* local includes */
#include "config.h"           /* global configuration */
#include "common.h"           /* common header file */
#include "variables.h"        /* global variables */
#include "functions.h"        /* external functions */
#include "colors.h"           /* color definitions */


/*
 *  local variables
 */

/* program control */
#if CYCLE_MAX < 255
uint8_t        MissedParts;          /* counter for failed/missed components */
#endif


/* ************************************************************************
 *   output components and errors
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  show pinout for semiconductors
 *
 *  required:
 *  - character for pin A
 *  - character for pin B
 *  - character for pin C
 */

void Show_SemiPinout(uint8_t A, uint8_t B, uint8_t C)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* counter */
  uint8_t           Char;          /* character */
  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  uint16_t          Color;         /* color value */

  Color = UI.PenColor;             /* save current color */
  #endif

  /* display: 123 */
  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(n);
  }

  /* display: = */
  Display_Char('=');

  /* display pin IDs */
  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)         /* loop through probe pins */
  {
    #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
    UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n];  /* set probe color */
    #endif

    if (n == Semi.A) Char = A;          /* probe A - ID A */
    else if (n == Semi.B) Char = B;     /* probe B - ID B */
    else Char = C;                      /*         - ID C */

    Display_Char(Char);            /* display ID */
  }

  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  UI.PenColor = Color;             /* restore old color */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show simple pinout
 *
 *  required:
 *  - ID: characters for probes 1, 2 and 3
 *    0 -> not displayed
 */

void Show_SimplePinout(uint8_t ID_1, uint8_t ID_2, uint8_t ID_3)
{
  uint8_t           n;        /* counter */
  unsigned char     ID[3];    /* component pin IDs */
  #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
  uint16_t          Color;    /* color value */

  Color = UI.PenColor;             /* save current color */
  #endif

  /* copy probe pin characters/IDs */
  ID[0] = ID_1;
  ID[1] = ID_2;
  ID[2] = ID_3;

  for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)         /* loop through probe pins */
  {
    if (ID[n] != 0)                /* display this one */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(n);
      Display_Char(':');

      #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
      UI.PenColor = ProbeColors[n];     /* set probe color */
      #endif

      Display_Char(ID[n]);

      #ifdef SW_PROBE_COLORS
      UI.PenColor = Color;              /* restore old color */
      #endif

      Display_Space();
    }
  }
}



#ifdef FUNC_EVALUE

/*
 *  show E series norm values
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - Value: unsigned value
 *  - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)
 *  - ESeries: E6-192
 *  - Tolerance: in 0.1%
 *  - Unit: unit character
 */

void Show_ENormValues(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, unsigned char Unit)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */
  uint8_t           Pos;           /* char x position */
  uint8_t           Temp;          /* temporary value */


  /*
   *  get E series norm values
   *  - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale
   *  - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale
   */

  n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);


  /*
   *  show E series and tolerance
   */

  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to next line */

  /* display E series */
  Display_Char('E');                    /* display: E */
  Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0);    /* display E series */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */

  /* display tolerance */
  Temp = Tolerance;                     /* copy tolerance */
  Pos = 0;                              /* reset decimal places */

  if (Temp < 10)                        /* < 1% */
  {
    Pos = 1;                            /* one decimal place */
  }
  Temp /= 10;                           /* scale to 1 */

  Display_FullValue(Temp, Pos, '%');    /* display tolerance */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */


  /*
   *  show norm values
   */

  if (n)                      /* got norm value(s) */
  {
    Pos = UI.CharPos_X;       /* get current char position */

    /* display first norm value */
    Display_EValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, Unit);

    if (n == 2)               /* got two norm values */
    {
      /* move to next line at same position (after E series) */
      Display_NextLine();
      LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

      /* display second norm value */
      Display_EValue(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, Unit);
    }
  }
  else                        /* no norm value */
  {
    Display_Char('-');        /* display: - */
  }
}

#endif



#ifdef FUNC_COLORCODE

/*
 *  show E series norm value color-codes
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - Value: unsigned value
 *  - Scale: exponent/multiplier (* 10^n)
 *  - ESeries: E6-192
 *  - Tolerance: in 0.1%
 *  - TolBand: color of tolerance band
 */

void Show_ENormCodes(uint32_t Value, int8_t Scale, uint8_t ESeries, uint8_t Tolerance, uint16_t TolBand)
{
  uint8_t           n;             /* number of norm values (1 or 2) */
  uint8_t           Pos;           /* char x position */

  /*
   *  tolerance band
   *  - resistor
   *    20%  10%    5%   2%  1%    0.5%  0.25% 0.1%   0.05%
   *    none silver gold red brown green blue  violet grey
   *  - inductor
   *    20%   10%    5%   4%     3%     2%  1%    0.5%  0.25% 0.1%   0.05%
   *    black silver gold yellow orange red brown green blue  violet grey
   *  - caps: many different schemas
   *
   *  multiplier reference
   *  - R:   0 (10^0)   -> 1 Ohms
   *    C: -12 (10^-12) -> 1 pF
   *    L:  -6 (10^-6)  -> 1 µH
   *  - ref_scale as function argument?
   *    scale = scale - ref_scale
   */

  /*
   *  get E series norm values
   *  - 1st: Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale
   *  - 2nd: Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale
   */

  n = GetENormValue(Value, Scale, ESeries, Tolerance);


  /*
   *  show E series
   */

  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to next line */

  /* display E series */
  Display_Char('E');                    /* display: E */
  Display_FullValue(ESeries, 0 , 0);    /* display E series */

  Display_Space();                      /* display: " " */


  /*
   *  show color-codes of norm values
   */

  if (n)                      /* got norm value(s) */
  {
    Pos = UI.CharPos_X;       /* get current char position */

    /* display color-code of first norm value */
    Display_ColorCode(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, TolBand);

    if (n == 2)               /* got two norm values */
    {
      /* move to next line at same position (after E series) */
      Display_NextLine();
      LCD_CharPos(Pos, UI.CharPos_Y);

      /* display color-code of second norm value */
      Display_ColorCode(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, TolBand);
    }
  }


  #if 0
  /*
   *  color testing
   */

  uint16_t Color;

  Display_NextLine();

  /* first 5 colors plus gold */
  n = 0;
  while (n < 5)
  {
    Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);
    LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);
    n++;
  }
  LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_GOLD, ALIGN_RIGHT);

  Display_NextLine();

  /* last 5 colors plus silver */
  while (n < 10)
  {
    Color = DATA_read_word((uint16_t *)&ColorCode_table[n]);
    LCD_Band(Color, ALIGN_LEFT);
    n++;
  }
  LCD_Band(COLOR_CODE_SILVER, ALIGN_RIGHT);

  TestKey(0, CURSOR_BLINK);
  #endif
}

#endif



/*
 *  show failed test
 */

void Show_Fail(void)
{
  /* display info */
  Display_EEString(Failed1_str);        /* display: No component */
  Display_NL_EEString(Failed2_str);     /* display: found! */

  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  MissedParts++;              /* increase counter */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show error
 */

void Show_Error()
{
  if (Check.Type == TYPE_DISCHARGE)          /* discharge failed */
  {
    Display_EEString(DischargeFailed_str);   /* display: Battery? */

    /* display probe number and remaining voltage */
    Display_NextLine();
    Display_ProbeNumber(Check.Probe);
    Display_Char(':');
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(Check.U, -3, 'V');
  }
  else if (Check.Type == TYPE_DETECTION)     /* detection error */
  {
    /* simply display: No component found! */
    Show_Fail();
  }
}



/*
 *  show single (first) resistor
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - ID1: pin ID #1 character
 *  - ID2: pin ID #2 character
 */

void Show_SingleResistor(uint8_t ID1, uint8_t ID2)
{
  Resistor_Type     *Resistor;     /* pointer to resistor */

  Resistor = &Resistors[0];        /* pointer to first resistor */

  /* show pinout */
  Display_Char(ID1);
  Display_EEString(Resistor_str);
  Display_Char(ID2); 

  /* show resistance value */
  Display_Space();
  Display_Value(Resistor->Value, Resistor->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
}



/*
 *  show resistor(s)
 */

void Show_Resistor(void)
{
  Resistor_Type     *R1;           /* pointer to resistor #1 */
  Resistor_Type     *R2;           /* pointer to resistor #2 */
  uint8_t           Pin;           /* ID of common pin */

  R1 = &Resistors[0];              /* pointer to first resistor */

  if (Check.Resistors == 1)        /* single resistor */
  {
    R2 = NULL;                     /* disable second resistor */
    Pin = R1->A;                   /* make B the first pin */
  }
  else                             /* multiple resistors */
  {
    R2 = R1;
    R2++;                          /* pointer to second resistor */
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = 2;             /* got two */
    #endif

    if (Check.Resistors == 3)      /* three resistors */
    {
      Resistor_Type     *Rmax;     /* pointer to largest resistor */    

      /*
       *  3 resistors mean 2 single resistors and both resistors in series.
       *  So we have to single out that series resistor by finding the
       *  largest resistor.
       */

      Rmax = R1;                   /* starting point */
      for (Pin = 1; Pin <= 2; Pin++)
      {
        if (CmpValue(R2->Value, R2->Scale, Rmax->Value, Rmax->Scale) == 1)
        {
          Rmax = R2;          /* update largest one */
        }

        R2++;                 /* next one */
      }

      /* get the two smaller resistors */
      if (R1 == Rmax) R1++;
      R2 = R1;
      R2++;
      if (R2 == Rmax) R2++;
    }

    /* find common pin of both resistors */
    if ((R1->A == R2->A) || (R1->A == R2->B))
    {
      Pin = R1->A;            /* pin A */
    }
    else
    {
      Pin = R1->B;            /* pin B */
    }
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)R1;         /* link first resistor */
  Info.Comp2 = (void *)R2;         /* link second resistor */
  #endif


  /*
   *  display the pins
   */

  /* first resistor */
  if (R1->A != Pin)           /* A is not common pin */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(R1->A);    /* display pin A */
  }
  else                        /* single resistor or A is common pin */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(R1->B);    /* display pin B */
  }

  Display_EEString(Resistor_str);
  Display_ProbeNumber(Pin);       /* display common pin */

  if (R2)           /* second resistor */
  {
    Display_EEString(Resistor_str);

    if (R2->A != Pin)         /* A is not common pin */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(R2->A);  /* display pin A */
    }
    else                      /* A is common pin */
    {
      Display_ProbeNumber(R2->B);  /* display pin B */
    }
  }


  /*
   *  display the values
   */

  /* first resistor */
  Display_NextLine();
  Display_Value(R1->Value, R1->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);

  if (R2)                /* second resistor */
  {
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(R2->Value, R2->Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
  }
  #ifdef SW_INDUCTOR
  else                   /* single resistor */
  {
    /* get inductance and display if relevant */
    if (MeasureInductor(R1) == 1)       /* inductor */
    {
      Display_Space();
      Display_Value(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, 'H');

      #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
      /* set data for remote commands */
      Info.Flags |= INFO_R_L;      /* inductance measured */
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_L_E6_T
      /* show E series norm values for E6 20% */
      Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E6, 200, 'H');
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_L_E12_T
      /* show E series norm values for E12 10% */
      Show_ENormValues(Inductor.Value, Inductor.Scale, E12, 100, 'H');
      #endif
    }
    #ifdef SW_R_EXX
    else                           /* no inductance */
    {
      #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T
      /* show E series norm values for E24 5% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T
      /* show E series norm values for E24 1% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E96_T
      /* show E series norm values for E96 1% */
      Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
      #endif

      #ifdef SW_R_E96_CC
      /* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */
      Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
      #endif
    }
    #endif
  }
  #elif defined (SW_R_EXX)
  else                             /* single resistor */
  {
    #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_T
    /* show E series norm values for E24 5% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_5_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 5% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 50, COLOR_CODE_GOLD);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_T
    /* show E series norm values for E24 1% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E24_1_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E24 1% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E24, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E96_T
    /* show E series norm values for E96 1% */
    Show_ENormValues(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
    #endif

    #ifdef SW_R_E96_CC
    /* show E series norm value color-codes for E96 1% */
    Show_ENormCodes(R1->Value, R1->Scale, E96, 10, COLOR_CODE_BROWN);
    #endif
  }
  #endif
}


/*
 *  show capacitor
 */

void Show_Capacitor(void)
{
  Capacitor_Type    *MaxCap;       /* pointer to largest cap */
  Capacitor_Type    *Cap;          /* pointer to cap */
  #if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)
  uint16_t          ESR;           /* ESR (in 0.01 Ohms) */
  #endif
  uint8_t           Counter;       /* loop counter */

  /* find largest cap */
  MaxCap = &Caps[0];               /* pointer to first cap */
  Cap = MaxCap;

  for (Counter = 1; Counter <= 2; Counter++) 
  {
    Cap++;                         /* next cap */

    if (CmpValue(Cap->Value, Cap->Scale, MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale) == 1)
    {
      MaxCap = Cap;
    }
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)MaxCap;     /* link largest cap */
  #endif

  /* display pinout */
  Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->A);  /* display pin #1 */
  Display_EEString(Cap_str);       /* display capacitor symbol */
  Display_ProbeNumber(MaxCap->B);  /* display pin #2 */

  /* show capacitance */
  Display_NextLine();              /* move to next line */
  Display_Value(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, 'F');

  #if defined (SW_ESR) || defined (SW_OLD_ESR)
  /* show ESR */
  ESR = MeasureESR(MaxCap);        /* measure ESR */
  if (ESR < UINT16_MAX)            /* if successfull */
  {
    Display_Space();
    Display_Value(ESR, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);  /* display ESR */
  }
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Val1 = ESR;               /* copy ESR */
    #endif
  #endif

  /* show discharge leakage current */
  if (MaxCap->I_leak > 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(I_leak_str);
    Display_Value(MaxCap->I_leak, -8, 'A');  /* in 10nA */
  }

  #ifdef SW_C_E6_T
  /* show E series norm values for E6 20% */
  Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E6, 200, 'F');
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_C_E12_T
  /* show E series norm values for E12 10% */
  Show_ENormValues(MaxCap->Value, MaxCap->Scale, E12, 100, 'F');
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show current (leakage or whatever) of semiconductor
 *
 *  Mapping for Semi structure:
 *  - I_value - current 
 *  - I_scale - scale for current (10^x)
 */

void Show_SemiCurrent(const unsigned char *String)
{
  if (CmpValue(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 50, -9) >= 0)  /* show if >=50nA */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(String);               /* display: <string> */
    Display_Value(Semi.I_value, Semi.I_scale, 'A');  /* display current */
  }
}



#ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS

/*
 *  display capacitance of a diode
 *
 *  requires:
 *  - pointer to diode structure
 */

void Show_Diode_Cap(Diode_Type *Diode)
{
  /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
  MeasureCap(Diode->C, Diode->A, 0);

  /* and show capacitance */
  Display_Value(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');
}

#endif



/*
 *  show diode
 */

void Show_Diode(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *D1;           /* pointer to diode #1 */
  Diode_Type        *D2 = NULL;    /* pointer to diode #2 */
  uint8_t           CapFlag = 1;   /* flag for capacitance output */
  uint8_t           A = 5;         /* ID of common anode */
  uint8_t           C = 5;         /* ID of common cothode */
  uint8_t           R_Pin1 = 5;    /* B_E resistor's pin #1 */
  uint8_t           R_Pin2 = 5;    /* B_E resistor's pin #2 */
  uint8_t           n;             /* counter */
  uint8_t           m;             /* counter */

  D1 = &Diodes[0];                 /* pointer to first diode */

  /*
   *  figure out which diodes to display
   */

  if (Check.Diodes == 1)           /* single diode */
  {
    C = D1->C;                     /* make cathode first pin */
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 2)      /* two diodes */
  {
    D2 = D1;
    D2++;                          /* pointer to second diode */

    if (D1->A == D2->A)            /* common anode */
    {
      A = D1->A;                   /* save common anode */

      /* possible PNP BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */
      R_Pin1 = D1->C;
      R_Pin2 = D2->C;
    }
    else if (D1->C == D2->C)       /* common cathode */
    {
      C = D1->C;                   /* save common cathode */

      /* possible NPN BJT with low value B-E resistor and flyback diode */
      R_Pin1 = D1->A;
      R_Pin2 = D2->A;
    }
    else if ((D1->A == D2->C) && (D1->C == D2->A))   /* anti-parallel */
    {
      A = D1->A;                   /* anode and cathode */
      C = A;                       /* are the same */
      CapFlag = 0;                 /* skip capacitance */
    }
  }
  else if (Check.Diodes == 3)      /* three diodes */
  {
    /*
     *  Two diodes in series are detected as a virtual third diode:
     *  - Check for any possible way the 2 diodes could be connected in series.
     *  - Only once the cathode of diode #1 matches the anode of diode #2.
     */

    for (n = 0; n <= 2; n++)       /* loop for first diode */
    {
      D1 = &Diodes[n];             /* get pointer of first diode */

      for (m = 0; m <= 2; m++)     /* loop for second diode */
      {
        D2 = &Diodes[m];           /* get pointer of second diode */

        if (n != m)                /* don't check same diode :-) */
        {
          if (D1->C == D2->A)      /* got match */
          {
            n = 5;                 /* end loops */
            m = 5;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (n < 5) D2 = NULL;          /* no match found */
    C = D1->C;                     /* cathode of first diode */
    A = 3;                         /* in series mode */
  }
  else                             /* too much diodes */
  {
    Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);     /* display: -|>|- */
    Display_Space();                    /* display space */
    Display_Char(Check.Diodes + '0');   /* display number of diodes found */
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = Check.Diodes;       /* set quantity */
    #endif

    return;
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Comp1 = (void *)D1;       /* link first diode */
  Info.Comp2 = (void *)D2;       /* link second diode */
  #endif


  /*
   *  display pins 
   */

  /* first diode */
  if (A < 3)        /* common anode: show C first */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(D1->C);         /* show C */
    Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str);     /* show -|<- */
    Display_ProbeNumber(A);             /* show A */
  }
  else              /* common cathode: show A first */
  {
    Display_ProbeNumber(D1->A);         /* show A */
    Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);     /* show ->|- */
    Display_ProbeNumber(C);             /* show C */
  }

  if (D2)           /* second diode */
  {
    if (A <= 3)          /* common anode or in-series */
    {
      Display_EEString(Diode_AC_str);   /* show ->|- */
    }
    else                 /* common cathode */
    {
      Display_EEString(Diode_CA_str);   /* show -|<- */
    }

    if (A == C)          /* anti parallel */
    {
      n = D2->A;              /* get anode */
    }
    else if (A <= 3)     /* common anode or in-series */
    {
      n = D2->C;              /* get cathode */
    }
    else                 /* common cathode */
    {
      n = D2->A;              /* get anode */
    }

    Display_ProbeNumber(n);             /* display pin */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Quantity = 2;       /* got two */
    #endif
  }

  /* check for B-E resistor of possible BJT */
  if (R_Pin1 < 5)                  /* possible BJT */
  {
    /* B-E resistor below 25kOhms */
    if (CheckSingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2, 25) == 1)
    {
      /* show: PNP/NPN? */
      Display_Space();
      if (A < 3)                        /* PNP */
      {
        Display_EEString(PNP_str);
        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_PNP;    /* R_BE & PNP */
        #endif
      }
      else                              /* NPN */
      {
        Display_EEString(NPN_str);
        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_D_R_BE | INFO_D_BJT_NPN;    /* R_BE & NPN */
        #endif
      }
      Display_Char('?');

      Display_NextLine();               /* move to line #2 */
      R_Pin1 += '1';                    /* convert pin ID to character */
      R_Pin2 += '1';
      Show_SingleResistor(R_Pin1, R_Pin2);   /* show resistor */
      CapFlag = 0;                      /* skip capacitance */
    }
  }


  /*
   *  display:
   *  - Uf (forward voltage)
   *  - reverse leakage current (for single diodes)
   *  - capacitance (not for anti-parallel diodes)
   */

  /* display Uf */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);    /* display: Vf */

  /* first diode */
  Display_Value(D1->V_f, -3, 'V');      /* in mV */

  Display_Space();

  /* display low current Uf and reverse leakage current for a single diode */
  if (D2 == NULL)                       /* single diode */
  {
    /* display low current Uf if it's quite low (Ge/Schottky diode) */
    if (D1->V_f2 < 250)            /* < 250mV */
    {
      Display_Char('(');
      Display_Value(D1->V_f2, 0, 0);    /* no unit */
      Display_Char(')');
    }

    /* reverse leakage current */
    UpdateProbes(D1->C, D1->A, 0);      /* reverse diode */
    GetLeakageCurrent(1);               /* get current */
    Show_SemiCurrent(I_R_str);          /* display I_R */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_D_I_R;           /* measured I_R */
    #endif
  }
  else                                  /* two diodes */
  {
    /* show Uf of second diode */
    Display_Value(D2->V_f, -3, 'V');
  }

  /* display capacitance */
  if (CapFlag == 1)                     /* if feasable */ 
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(DiodeCap_str);   /* display: C */

    #ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* first diode */
    Show_Diode_Cap(D1);                 /* measure & show capacitance */

    if (D2)                             /* second diode */
    {
      Display_Space();
      Show_Diode_Cap(D2);               /* measure & show capacitance */
    }
    #endif

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* first diode */
    MeasureCap(D1->C, D1->A, 0);        /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
    Display_Value(Caps[0].Value, Caps[0].Scale, 'F');

    if (D2)                   /* second diode */
    {
      Display_Space();
      MeasureCap(D2->C, D2->A, 1);      /* get capacitance (reversed direction) */
      Display_Value(Caps[1].Value, Caps[1].Scale, 'F');
    }
    #endif
  }
}



/*
 *  show BJT
 */

void Show_BJT(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *Diode;        /* pointer to diode */
  unsigned char     *String;       /* string pointer (EEPROM) */
  uint8_t           BE_A;          /* V_BE: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           BE_C;          /* V_BE: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           CE_A;          /* flyback diode: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           CE_C;          /* flyback diode: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           CE_Char;       /* character */
  #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
  uint8_t           BC_A;          /* clamping diode: pin acting as anode */
  uint8_t           BC_C;          /* clamping diode: pin acting as cathode */
  uint8_t           BC_Char;       /* character */
  #endif
  uint16_t          V_BE = 0;      /* V_BE */
  int16_t           Slope;         /* slope of forward voltage */

  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Base pin
   *  B   - Collector pin
   *  C   - Emitter pin
   *  U_1 - U_BE (mV) (not implemented yet)
   *  U_3 - I_C/I_E (µA)
   *  F_1 - hFE
   *  F_2 - reverse hFE
   *  I_value/I_scale - I_CEO
   */

  /*
   *  preset stuff based on BJT type
   */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_NPN)       /* NPN */
  {
    String = (unsigned char *)NPN_str;       /* "NPN" */

    /* direction of B-E diode: B -> E */
    BE_A = Semi.A;                 /* anode at base */
    BE_C = Semi.C;                 /* cathode at emitter */

    /* direction of optional flyback diode */
    CE_A = Semi.C;                 /* anode at emitter */
    CE_C = Semi.B;                 /* cathode at collector */
    CE_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;   /* |<| */

    #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
    /* direction of B-C diode: B -> C */
    BC_A = Semi.A;                 /* anode at base */
    BC_C = Semi.B;                 /* cathode at collector */
    BC_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;   /* |>| */
    #endif
  }
  else                             /* PNP */
  {
    String = (unsigned char *)PNP_str;       /* "PNP" */

    /* direction of B-E diode: E -> B */
    BE_A = Semi.C;                 /* anode at emitter */
    BE_C = Semi.A;                 /* cathode at base */

    /* direction of optional flyback diode */
    CE_A = Semi.B;                 /* anode at collector */
    CE_C = Semi.C;                 /* cathode at emitter */
    CE_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;   /* |>| */

    #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
    /* direction of B-C diode: C -> B */
    BC_A = Semi.B;                 /* anode at collector */
    BC_C = Semi.A;                 /* cathode at base */
    BC_Char = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;   /* |<| */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display type
   */

  Display_EEString_Space(BJT_str);      /* display: BJT */
  Display_EEString(String);             /* display: NPN / PNP */

  /* parasitic BJT (freewheeling diode on same substrate) */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_PARASITIC)
  {
    Display_Char('+');                  /* display: + */
  }

  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */


  /*
   *  display pinout
   */

  Show_SemiPinout('B', 'C', 'E');

  /* optional freewheeling diode */
  Diode = SearchDiode(CE_A, CE_C);     /* search for matching diode */
  if (Diode != NULL)                   /* got it */
  {
    Display_Space();          /* display space */
    Display_Char('C');        /* display: collector */
	Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
    Display_Char(CE_Char);    /* display diode symbol */
	Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
    Display_Char('E');        /* display: emitter */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_D_FB;   /* found flyback diode */
    Info.Comp1 = Diode;            /* link diode */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display B-E resistor if detected
   */

  /* check for B-E resistor below 25kOhms */
  if (CheckSingleResistor(BE_C, BE_A, 25) == 1)   /* found B-E resistor */
  {
    Display_NextLine();            /* next line (#3) */
    Show_SingleResistor('B', 'E');
    /* B-E resistor renders hFE and V_BE measurements useless */

    #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
    UI.SymbolLine = 4;             /* display fancy pinout in line #4 */
    #endif

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_R_BE;   /* R_BE */
    #endif
  }


  /*
   *  display h_FE
   */

  /* display h_FE */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(h_FE_str);       /* display: hFE */
  Display_Value(Semi.F_1, 0, 0);             /* display h_FE */

  /* display hFE test circuit type */
  Display_Space();
  if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_EMITTER)         /* common emitter */
  {
    /* common emitter circuit */
    Display_Char('e');                         /* display: e */
  }
  else if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_COLLECTOR)  /* common collector */
  {
    /* common collector circuit */
    Display_Char('c');                         /* display: c */
  }

  #ifdef SW_HFE_CURRENT
  /* display test current for hFE measurement */
  Display_NL_EEString(I_str);                  /* display: I_ */
  if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_EMITTER)         /* common emitter */
  {
    /* I_C */
    Display_Char('C');                         /* display: C */
  }
  else if (Semi.Flags & HFE_COMMON_COLLECTOR)  /* common collector */
  {
    /* I_E */
    Display_Char('E');                         /* display: E */
  }
  Display_Space();
  Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_3, -6, 'A');      /* display I_C/I_E */
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_REVERSE_HFE
  /* display reverse hFE */
  if (Diode == NULL)               /* no freewheeling diode */
  {
    if (Semi.F_2 > 0)              /* valid value */
    {
      Display_NL_EEString_Space(h_FE_r_str);      /* display: hFEr */
      Display_Value(Semi.F_2, 0, 0);              /* display reverse h_FE */
    }
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  display V_BE
   *  (taken from diode's forward voltage)
   */

  Diode = SearchDiode(BE_A, BE_C);      /* search for matching B-E diode */
  if (Diode != NULL)                    /* found diode */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_BE_str);     /* display: Vbe */

    /*
     *  V_f is quite linear for a logarithmicly scaled I_b.
     *  So we may interpolate the V_f values of low and high test current
     *  measurements for a virtual test current. Low test current is 10µA
     *  and high test current is 7mA. That's a logarithmic scale of
     *  3 decades.
     */

    /* calculate slope for one decade */
    Slope = Diode->V_f - Diode->V_f2;
    Slope /= 3;

    /* select V_BE based on hFE */
    if (Semi.F_1 < 100)                 /* low h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with low hFE are power transistors and need a large I_b
       *  to drive the load. So we simply take Vf of the high test current
       *  measurement (7mA). 
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f;
    }
    else if (Semi.F_1 < 250)            /* mid-range h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with a mid-range hFE are signal transistors and need
       *  a small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf for
       *  a virtual test current of about 1mA.
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f - Slope;
    }
    else                                /* high h_FE */
    {
      /*
       *  BJTs with a high hFE are small signal transistors and need
       *  only a very small I_b to drive the load. So we interpolate Vf
       *  for a virtual test current of about 0.1mA.
       */

      V_BE = Diode->V_f2 + Slope;
    }

    Display_Value(V_BE, -3, 'V');       /* in mV */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Val1 = V_BE;                   /* copy V_BE */
    #endif
  }

  /* I_CEO: collector emitter open current (leakage) */
  Show_SemiCurrent(I_CEO_str);          /* display I_CEO */


  #ifdef SW_SCHOTTKY_BJT
  /*
   *  Schottky transistor / Schottky-clamped BJT
   *  - V_BC of a Germanium BJT is as low as V_f of a Schottky diode.
   *    So we check only Silicon BJTs.
   */

  /* check for Si BJT */
  if (V_BE > 500)                       /* V_BE > 500mV */
  {
    Diode = SearchDiode(BC_A, BC_C);    /* search for matching diode */
    if (Diode != NULL)                  /* found diode */
    {
      /* check for Schottky diode */
      if (Diode->V_f < 450)             /* V_f < 450mV */
      {
        Display_NextLine();             /* next line */

        /* display diode */
        Display_Char('B');              /* display: base */
		Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
        Display_Char(BC_Char);          /* display diode symbol */
		Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
        Display_Char('C');              /* display: collector */


        /* display diode's V_f */
        Display_Space();                     /* display space */
        Display_Value(Diode->V_f, -3, 'V');  /* display V_f */

        #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
        /* set data for remote commands */
        Info.Flags |= INFO_BJT_SCHOTTKY;     /* Schottky-clamped BJT */
//        Info.Comp2 = Diode;                  /* link diode */
        #endif
      }
    }
  }
  #endif
}



/*
 *  show MOSFET/IGBT extras
 *  - diode
 *  - V_th
 *  - Cgs
 */

void Show_FET_Extras(void)
{
  Diode_Type        *Diode;        /* pointer to diode */  
  uint8_t           Anode;         /* anode of diode */
  uint8_t           Cathode;       /* cathode of diode */
  uint8_t           Char_1;        /* pin name */
  uint8_t           Char_2;        /* pin name */
  uint8_t           Symbol;        /* diode symbol */

  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Drain pin
   *  C   - Source pin
   *  U_1 - R_DS_on (0.01 Ohms)
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   */

  /*
   *  show instrinsic/freewheeling diode
   */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)      /* n-channel/NPN */
  {
    Anode = Semi.C;                /* source/emitter */
    Cathode = Semi.B;              /* drain/collector */
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_CA;    /* |<| */
  }
  else                                  /* p-channel/PNP */
  {
    Anode = Semi.B;                /* drain/collector */
    Cathode = Semi.C;              /* source/emitter */
    Symbol = LCD_CHAR_DIODE_AC;    /* |>| */
  }

  if (Check.Found == COMP_FET)     /* FET */
  {
    Char_1 = 'D';
    Char_2 = 'S';
  }
  else                             /* IGBT */
  {
    Char_1 = 'C';
    Char_2 = 'E';
  }

  /* search for matching diode */
  Diode = SearchDiode(Anode, Cathode);
  if (Diode != NULL)          /* got it */
  {
    /* show diode */
    Display_Space();          /* space */
    Display_Char(Char_1);     /* left pin name */
	Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
    Display_Char(Symbol);     /* diode symbol */
	Display_Char('~');        /* display: -- */
    Display_Char(Char_2);     /* right pin name */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_D_FB;   /* found flyback diode */
    Info.Comp1 = Diode;            /* link diode */
    #endif
  }

  /* skip remaining stuff for depletion-mode FETs/IGBTs */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_DEPLETION) return;

  /* gate threshold voltage V_th */
  if (Semi.U_2 != 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vth_str);      /* display: Vth */
    Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_2, -3, 'V');  /* display V_th in mV */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_V_TH;             /* measured Vth */
    #endif
  }

  /* display gate-source capacitance C_GS */
  /* todo: display "Cge" for IGBT? */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Cgs_str);             /* display: Cgs */
  Display_Value(Semi.C_value, Semi.C_scale, 'F'); /* display value and unit */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* set data for remote commands */
  Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_C_GS;               /* measured C_GS */
  #endif

  /* display R_DS_on, if available */
  if (Semi.U_1 > 0)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(R_DS_str);          /* display: Rds */
    Display_Value(Semi.U_1, -2, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);  /* display value */

    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    /* set data for remote commands */
    Info.Flags |= INFO_FET_R_DS;             /* measured R_DS */
    #endif
  }

  /* display V_f of diode, if available */
  if (Diode != NULL)
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);       /* display: Vf */
    Display_Value(Diode->V_f, -3, 'V');      /* display value */
  }
}



/*
 *  show FET/IGBT channel type
 */

void Show_FET_Channel(void)
{
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */

  /* channel type */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_N_CHANNEL)      /* n-channel */
  {
    Display_Char('N');                  /* display: N */
  }
  else                                  /* p-channel */
  {
    Display_Char('P');                  /* display: P */
  }

  Display_EEString(Channel_str);        /* display: -ch */
}



/*
 *  show FET/IGBT mode
 */

void Show_FET_Mode(void)
{
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_ENHANCEMENT)    /* enhancement mode */
  {
    Display_EEString(Enhancement_str);  /* display: enh. */
  }
  else                                  /* depletion mode */
  {
    Display_EEString(Depletion_str);    /* display: dep. */
  }
}



/*
 *  show FET (MOSFET & JFET)
 */

void Show_FET(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Drain pin
   *  C   - Source pin
   *  U_1 - R_DS_on (0.01 Ohms)
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   *  U_3 - V_GS(off) (mV)
   */

  /* display type */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET)    /* MOSFET */
  {
    Display_EEString(MOS_str);          /* display: MOS */
  }
  else                             /* JFET */
  {
    Display_Char('J');                  /* display: J */
  }
  Display_EEString(FET_str);       /* display: FET */

  /* display channel type */
  Show_FET_Channel();
      
  /* display mode for MOSFETs*/
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET) Show_FET_Mode();

  /* pinout */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */

  if (Check.Type & TYPE_SYMMETRICAL)    /* symmetrical Drain and Source */
  {
    /* we can't distinguish D and S */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'x', 'x');     /* show pinout */
  }
  else                                  /* unsymmetrical Drain and Source */
  {
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'D', 'S');     /* show pinout */
  }

  /* show body diode, V_th and Cgs for MOSFETs */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_MOSFET) Show_FET_Extras();

  /* show I_DSS and V_GS(off) for depletion mode FET */
  if (Check.Type & TYPE_DEPLETION)
  {
    /* I_DSS */
    Show_SemiCurrent(I_DSS_str);        /* display Idss */

    /* V_GS(off) */
    if (Semi.U_3 != 0)                  /* valid value */
    {
      Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_GSoff_str);     /* display: V_GS(off) */
      #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
      /* we need some space for the symbol: move value to next line */
      Display_NextLine();
      Display_Space();
      #endif
      Display_SignedValue(Semi.U_3, -3, 'V');     /* display V_GS(off) in mV */
    }
  }
}



/*
 *  show IGBT  
 */

void Show_IGBT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate pin
   *  B   - Collector pin
   *  C   - Emitter pin
   *  U_2 - V_th (mV)
   */

  Display_EEString(IGBT_str);      /* display: IGBT */
  Show_FET_Channel();              /* display channel type */
  Show_FET_Mode();                 /* display mode */

  Display_NextLine();              /* next line (#2) */
  Show_SemiPinout('G', 'C', 'E');  /* show pinout */

  Show_FET_Extras();               /* show diode, V_th and C_GE */
}



/*
 *  show Thyristor and TRIAC
 */

void Show_ThyristorTriac(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *        SCR        TRIAC
   *  A   - Gate       Gate
   *  B   - Anode      MT2
   *  C   - Cathode    MT1
   *  U_1 - V_GT (mV)
   */

  /* display component type any pinout */
  if (Check.Found == COMP_THYRISTOR)    /* SCR */
  {
    Display_EEString(Thyristor_str);    /* display: thyristor */
    Display_NextLine();                 /* next line (#2) */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', 'A', 'C');     /* display pinout */
  }
  else                                  /* TRIAC */
  {
    Display_EEString(Triac_str);        /* display: TRIAC */
    Display_NextLine();                 /* next line (#2) */
    Show_SemiPinout('G', '2', '1');     /* display pinout */
  }

  /* show V_GT (gate trigger voltage) */
  if (Semi.U_1 > 0)                /* show if not zero */
  {
    Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_GT_str);     /* display: V_GT */
    Display_Value(Semi.U_1, -3, 'V');        /* display V_GT in mV */
  }
}



/*
 *  show PUT
 */

void Show_PUT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for AltSemi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   *  U_1 - V_f
   *  U_2 - V_T
   *
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   */

  Display_EEString(PUT_str);            /* display: PUT */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* move to line #2 */
  Show_SemiPinout('G', 'A', 'C');       /* display pinout */

  /* display V_T */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(V_T_str);   /* display: VT */
  Display_Value(AltSemi.U_2, -3, 'V');  /* display V_T */

  /* display V_f */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(Vf_str);    /* display: Vf */
  Display_Value(AltSemi.U_1, -3, 'V');  /* display V_f */
}



#ifdef SW_UJT

/*
 *  show UJT
 */

void Show_UJT(void)
{
  /*
   *  Mapping for AltSemi structure:
   *  A   - Emitter
   *  B   - B2
   *  C   - B1
   +
   *  Mapping for Semi structure:
   *  A   - Gate
   *  B   - Anode
   *  C   - Cathode
   */

  Display_EEString(UJT_str);            /* display: UJT */
  Display_NextLine();                   /* next line (#2) */
  Show_SemiPinout('E', '2', '1');       /* display pinout */

  /* display r_BB */
  Display_NL_EEString_Space(R_BB_str);  /* display: R_BB */  
  Display_Value(Resistors[0].Value, Resistors[0].Scale, LCD_CHAR_OMEGA);
}

#endif



/* ************************************************************************
 *   voltage reference
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  manage voltage references
 */

void CheckVoltageRefs(void)
{
  #ifdef HW_REF25
  uint16_t          U_Ref;         /* reference voltage */
  uint32_t          Temp;          /* temporary value */
  #endif


  /*
   *  external 2.5V voltage reference
   */

  #ifdef HW_REF25
  Cfg.Samples = 200;               /* perform 200 ADC samples for high accuracy */
  U_Ref = ReadU(TP_REF);           /* read voltage of reference (mV) */

  /* check for valid voltage range */
  if ((U_Ref > 2250) && (U_Ref < 2750))      /* voltage is fine */
  {
    /* adjust Vcc (assuming 2.495V typically) */
    Temp = ((uint32_t)Cfg.Vcc * UREF_25) / U_Ref;
    Cfg.Vcc = (uint16_t)Temp;

    Cfg.OP_Mode |= OP_EXT_REF;          /* set flag */
  }
  else                                       /* voltage out of range */
  {
    Cfg.OP_Mode &= ~OP_EXT_REF;         /* clear flag */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  internal 1.1V bandgap reference
   */

  Cfg.Bandgap = ReadU(ADC_CHAN_BANDGAP);     /* dummy read for bandgap stabilization */
  Cfg.Samples = 200;                         /* perform 200 ADC samples for high accuracy */
  Cfg.Bandgap = ReadU(ADC_CHAN_BANDGAP);     /* get voltage of bandgap reference (mV) */
  Cfg.Bandgap += NV.RefOffset;               /* add voltage offset */

  /* clean up */
  Cfg.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;            /* set ADC samples back to default */
}



/* ************************************************************************
 *   power control and monitoring
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  power off
 */

void PowerOff(void)
{
  /* display feedback (otherwise the user will wait :) */
  LCD_Clear();
  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;            /* set pen color */
  #endif
  Display_EEString(Bye_str);            /* display: Bye! */

  cli();                                /* disable interrupts */
  wdt_disable();                        /* disable watchdog */
  #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
  POWER_PORT &= ~(1 << POWER_CTRL);     /* power off myself */
  #endif

  /*
   *  As long as the user keeps the test button pressed the MCU is still
   *  powered. Therefor we make sure that nothing happens by forcing the
   *  MCU to sleep which also saves power. Same for a classic power switch.
   */

  set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);  /* set sleep mode to "power down" */
  sleep_mode();                         /* enter sleep mode */
}



#ifndef BAT_NONE

/*
 *  display battery status
 *  - uses voltage stored in Cfg.Vbat
 */

void ShowBattery(void)
{
  /* display battery voltage */
  Display_EEString_Space(Battery_str);     /* display: Bat. */

  #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
  /* check for unmonitored external power supply */
  if (Cfg.Vbat < 900)              /* < 0.9V */
  {
    /* powered by unmonitored external PSU */
    /* low voltage caused by diode's leakage current */

    /* display status */
    #ifdef LCD_COLOR
    UI.PenColor = COLOR_GREEN;          /* use green */
    #endif
    Display_EEString(External_str);     /* display: ext */
  }
  else                             /* battery operation */
  {
     /* powered by battery */
  #endif

    /* display battery voltage */
    Display_Value(Cfg.Vbat / 10, -2, 'V');
    Display_Space();

    /* display status */
    if (Cfg.Vbat < BAT_LOW)        /* low level reached */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_RED;          /* use red */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(Low_str);        /* display: low */
    }
    else if (Cfg.Vbat < BAT_WEAK)  /* warning level reached */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_YELLOW;       /* use yellow */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(Weak_str);       /* display: weak */
    }
    else                           /* ok */
    {
      #ifdef LCD_COLOR
      UI.PenColor = COLOR_GREEN;        /* use green */
      #endif
      Display_EEString(OK_str);         /* display: ok */
    }

  #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_PEN;         /* set color back to default */
  #endif
}



/*
 *  check battery
 *  - store battery voltage in Cfg.Vbat
 *  - power off in case of a low battery
 */

void CheckBattery(void)
{
  uint16_t          U_Bat;         /* battery voltage */

  /* get current battery voltage */
  U_Bat = ReadU(TP_BAT);           /* read voltage (mV) */

  #ifdef BAT_DIVIDER
  uint32_t          Temp;          /* temporary value */

  /*
   *  ADC pin is connected to a voltage divider (top: R1 / bottom: R2).
   *  - U2 = (Uin / (R1 + R2)) * R2 
   *  - Uin = (U2 * (R1 + R2)) / R2
   */

  Temp = (((uint32_t)(BAT_R1 + BAT_R2) * 1000) / BAT_R2);   /* factor (0.001) */
  Temp *= U_Bat;                   /* Uin (0.001 mV) */
  Temp /= 1000;                    /* Uin (mV) */
  U_Bat = (uint16_t)Temp;
  #endif

  U_Bat += BAT_OFFSET;             /* add offset for voltage drop */
  Cfg.Vbat = U_Bat;                /* save battery voltage */
  Cfg.BatTimer = 100;              /* reset timer for next battery check (in 100ms) */
                                   /* about 10s */

  /* check for low-voltage situation */
  if (U_Bat < BAT_LOW)             /* low level reached */
  {
    #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
    /* not for unmonitored external power supply */
    if (U_Bat >= 900)                   /* >= 0.9V */
    {
      /* battery operation */
    #endif

      LCD_Clear();                 /* clear display */
      ShowBattery();               /* display battery status */
      MilliSleep(3000);            /* let user read info */
      PowerOff();                  /* power off */

    #ifdef BAT_EXT_UNMONITORED
    }
    #endif
  }
}

#endif



/* ************************************************************************
 *   the one and only main()
 * ************************************************************************ */


/*
 *  main function
 */

int main(void)
{
  uint8_t           Test;          /* test value */
  uint8_t           Key;           /* user feedback */


  /*
   *  init hardware
   */

  #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
  /* switch on power to keep me alive */
  POWER_DDR = (1 << POWER_CTRL);        /* set pin as output */
  POWER_PORT = (1 << POWER_CTRL);       /* set pin to drive power management transistor */
  #endif

  /* set up MCU */
  MCUCR = (1 << PUD);                   /* disable pull-up resistors globally */
  ADCSRA = (1 << ADEN) | ADC_CLOCK_DIV; /* enable ADC and set clock divider */

  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
  /* init discharge relay (safe mode): short circuit probes */
                                        /* ADC_PORT should be 0 */
  ADC_DDR = (1 << TP_REF);              /* disable relay */
  #endif

  /* catch watchdog */  
  Test = (MCUSR & (1 << WDRF));         /* save watchdog flag */
  MCUSR &= ~(1 << WDRF);                /* reset watchdog flag */
  wdt_disable();                        /* disable watchdog */


  /*
   *  set important default values
   */

  #if defined (UI_AUTOHOLD) || defined (UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS)
    /* reset mode/state flags and set auto-hold mode */
    Cfg.OP_Mode = OP_AUTOHOLD;          /* set auto-hold */
  #else
    /* reset mode/state flags and set continuous mode */
    Cfg.OP_Mode = OP_NONE;              /* none = continuous */
  #endif
  Cfg.OP_Control = OP_OUT_LCD;          /* reset control/signal flags */
                                        /* enable output to display */
  #ifdef SAVE_POWER
  Cfg.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_PWR_SAVE;  /* sleep mode: power save */
  #endif                                /* we have to keep Timer2 running */


  /*
   *  set up busses and interfaces
   */

  /* test push button */
  /* set to input by default */

  #ifdef HW_SERIAL
  /* hardware or bitbang USART */
  Serial_Setup();                       /* set up TTL serial interface */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_I2C
  /* hardware or bitbang I2C */
  I2C_Setup();                          /* set up I2C bus */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_SPI
  /* hardware or bitbang SPI */
  SPI_Setup();                          /* set up SPI bus */
  #endif

  /* display module */
  LCD_BusSetup();                       /* set up display bus */

  /* touch screen */
  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  Touch_BusSetup();                     /* set up touch screen */
  #endif

  #ifdef ONEWIRE_IO_PIN
  /* OneWire with dedicated IO pin */
  OneWire_Setup();                      /* set up OneWire bus */
  #endif


  /*
   *  watchdog was triggered (timeout 2s)
   *  - This is after the MCU done a reset driven by the watchdog.
   *  - Does only work if the capacitor at the base of the power management
   *    transistor is large enough to survive a MCU reset. Otherwise the
   *    tester simply loses power.
   */

  if (Test)
  {
    /* Display was initialized before but some global variables in the driver
       might be zeroed. Drivers with line tracking won't clear screen. */
    LCD_Clear();                        /* clear display */
    #ifdef LCD_COLOR
    UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;          /* set pen color */
    #endif
    Display_EEString(Timeout_str);      /* display: timeout */
    Display_NL_EEString(Error_str);     /* display: error */
    MilliSleep(2000);                   /* give user some time to read */
    #ifdef POWER_SWITCH_SOFT
      POWER_PORT &= ~(1 << POWER_CTRL);      /* power off myself */
    #elif defined (POWER_SWITCH_MANUAL)
      /* enter sleep mode to prevent any further action */
      /* user should power off tester */
      set_sleep_mode(SLEEP_MODE_PWR_DOWN);   /* set sleep mode to "power down" */
      sleep_mode();                          /* enter sleep mode */
    #endif

    return 0;                           /* exit program */
  }


  /*
   *  operation mode selection
   *  - short key press -> continuous mode
   *  - long key press -> auto-hold mode
   *  - very long key press -> reset to defaults
   */

  Key = 0;                              /* reset key press type */

  /* catch key press */
  if (!(BUTTON_PIN & (1 << TEST_BUTTON)))    /* test button pressed */
  {
    Test = 0;                      /* ticks counter */

    while (Key == 0)               /* loop until we got a type */
    {
      MilliSleep(20);                   /* wait 20ms */

      if (!(BUTTON_PIN & (1 << TEST_BUTTON)))     /* button still pressed */
      {
        Test++;                         /* increase counter */
        if (Test > 100) Key = 3;        /* >2000ms */
      }
      else                                        /* button released */
      {
        Key = 1;                        /* <300ms */
        if (Test > 15) Key = 2;         /* >300ms */
      }
    }
  }

  #ifndef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* key press >300ms selects alternative operation mode */
  if (Key > 1)
  {
    #ifdef UI_AUTOHOLD
      /* change mode to continuous */
      Cfg.OP_Mode &= ~OP_AUTOHOLD;      /* clear auto-hold */
    #else
      /* change mode to auto-hold */
      Cfg.OP_Mode |= OP_AUTOHOLD;       /* set auto-hold */
    #endif
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
  /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
  if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
  {
    Cfg.OP_Control |= OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;   /* enable power-off timeout */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  init display module
   */

  #ifdef SW_DISPLAY_ID
  Cfg.DisplayID = 0;                    /* reset display ID */
  #endif

  LCD_Init();                           /* initialize LCD */

  UI.LineMode = LINE_STD;               /* reset next-line mode */
  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_TITLE;            /* set pen color */
  #endif

  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  Touch_Init();                         /* init touch screen */
  #endif


  /*
   *  load saved adjustment offsets and values
   */

  if (Key == 3)               /* key press >2s resets to defaults */
  {
    SetAdjustmentDefaults();       /* set default values */
  }
  else                        /* normal mode */
  {
    /* load adjustment values: profile #1 */
    ManageAdjustmentStorage(STORAGE_LOAD, 1);
  }

  /* set extra stuff */
  #ifdef SW_CONTRAST
  LCD_Contrast(NV.Contrast);            /* set LCD contrast */
  #endif


  /*
   *  welcome user
   */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_On();                  /* enable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  LCD_CharPos(4,4);
  Display_EEString(Tester_str);         /* display: Component Tester */
  LCD_CharPos(6,5);
  Display_EEString(Version_str); 

  #ifdef SW_DISPLAY_ID
  /* show ID of display controller */
  Display_Space();                      /* display space */
  Display_HexValue(Cfg.DisplayID, 16);  /* display ID */
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_Off();                 /* disable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef LCD_COLOR
  UI.PenColor = COLOR_PEN;              /* set pen color */
  #endif

  MilliSleep(1500);                     /* let the user read the display */


  /*
   *  init variables
   */

  /* cycling */
  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  MissedParts = 0;                      /* reset counter */
  #endif
  Key = KEY_POWER_ON;                   /* just powered on */

  /* default offsets and values */
  Cfg.Samples = ADC_SAMPLES;            /* number of ADC samples */
  Cfg.AutoScale = 1;                    /* enable ADC auto scaling */
  Cfg.Ref = 1;                          /* no ADC reference set yet */
  Cfg.Vcc = UREF_VCC;                   /* voltage of Vcc */

  /* MCU */
  wdt_enable(WDTO_2S);		        /* enable watchdog: timeout 2s */


  /*
   *  user interaction after power-on
   */

  #ifdef HW_TOUCH
  /* adjust touch screen if not done yet */
  if ((Touch.X_Start == 0) && (Touch.X_Stop == 0))     /* defaults */
  {
    Test = Touch_Adjust();         /* adjust touch screen */

    if (Test == 0)                 /* error */
    {
      LCD_ClearLine2();
      Display_EEString(Error_str);      /* display: Error */
      MilliSleep(1000);                 /* smooth UI */
      TestKey(2500, CURSOR_BLINK | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_BAT);
    }
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_CHOOSE_PROFILE
  /* select adjustment profile */
  AdjustmentMenu(STORAGE_LOAD | STORAGE_SHORT);
  #endif



  /*
   *  interrupts
   */

  sei();                           /* enable interrupts */


  /*
   *  main processing loop (probing cycle)
   */

cycle_start:

  /* reset variables */
  Check.Found = COMP_NONE;         /* no component */
  Check.Type = 0;                  /* reset type flags */
  Check.Done = DONE_NONE;          /* no transistor */
  Check.AltFound = COMP_NONE;      /* no alternative component */
  Check.Diodes = 0;                /* reset diode counter */
  Check.Resistors = 0;             /* reset resistor counter */
  Semi.Flags = 0;                  /* reset flags */
  Semi.U_1 = 0;                    /* reset values */
  Semi.U_2 = 0;
  Semi.U_3 = 0;
  Semi.F_1 = 0;
  #ifdef SW_REVERSE_HFE
  Semi.F_2 = 0;
  #endif
  Semi.I_value = 0;
  AltSemi.U_1 = 0;
  AltSemi.U_2 = 0;
  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  Info.Quantity = 0;               /* zero components */
  Info.Selected = 1;               /* select first component */
  Info.Flags = INFO_NONE;          /* reset flags */
  Info.Comp1 = NULL;               /* reset pointer to first component */
  Info.Comp2 = NULL;               /* reset pointer to second component */
  #endif
  #ifdef HW_KEYS
  UI.KeyOld = KEY_NONE;            /* no key */
  UI.KeyStepOld = 1;               /* step size 1 */
  #endif
  #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
  UI.SymbolLine = 3;               /* default: line #3 */
  #endif

  /* reset hardware */
  ADC_DDR = 0;                     /* set all pins of ADC port as input */
  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
    /*
     *  This also enables the discharge relay via the external reference
     *  and removes the short circuit.
     */
  #endif

  UI.LineMode = LINE_KEEP;              /* next-line mode: keep first line */
  LCD_Clear();                          /* clear LCD */


  /*
   *  voltage references
   */

  CheckVoltageRefs();                   /* manage voltage references */


  /*
   *  battery check
   */

  #ifdef BAT_NONE
    /* no battery monitoring */
    Display_EEString(Tester_str);       /* display: Component Tester */
  #else
    /* battery monitoring */
    CheckBattery();                     /* check battery voltage */
                                        /* will power off on low battery */
    ShowBattery();                      /* display battery status */
  #endif


  /*
   *  probing
   */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  /* skip first probing after power-on */
  if (Key == KEY_POWER_ON)         /* first cycle */
  {
    goto cycle_control;            /* skip probing */
    /* will also change Key */
  }
  #endif

  /* display start of probing */
  Display_NL_EEString(Probing_str);     /* display: probing... */

  /* try to discharge any connected component */
  DischargeProbes();
  if (Check.Found == COMP_ERROR)   /* discharge failed */
  {
    goto show_component;           /* skip all other checks */
  }

  #ifdef UI_SHORT_CIRCUIT_MENU
  /* enter main menu if requested by short-circuiting all probes */
  if (ShortedProbes() == 3)        /* all probes short-circuited */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* trigger main menu */
    goto cycle_action;             /* perform action */
  }
  #endif

  /* check all 6 combinations of the 3 probes */
  CheckProbes(PROBE_1, PROBE_2, PROBE_3);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_2, PROBE_1, PROBE_3);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_1, PROBE_3, PROBE_2);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_3, PROBE_1, PROBE_2);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_2, PROBE_3, PROBE_1);
  CheckProbes(PROBE_3, PROBE_2, PROBE_1);

  CheckAlternatives();             /* process alternatives */

  /* if component might be a capacitor */
  if ((Check.Found == COMP_NONE) ||
      (Check.Found == COMP_RESISTOR))
  {
    /* tell user to be patient with large caps :-) */
    Display_Space();
    Display_Char('C');    

    /* check all possible combinations */
    MeasureCap(PROBE_3, PROBE_1, 0);
    MeasureCap(PROBE_3, PROBE_2, 1);
    MeasureCap(PROBE_2, PROBE_1, 2);
  }


  /*
   *  output test results
   */

show_component:

  LCD_Clear();                     /* clear LCD */

  /* next-line mode */
  Test = LINE_KEEP | LINE_KEY;     /* keep first line and wait for key/timeout */
  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Key == KEY_PROBE)            /* probing by command */
  {
    Test = LINE_KEEP;              /* don't wait for key/timeout */
  }
  #endif
  UI.LineMode = Test;              /* change mode */

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_On();             /* enable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_RESISTOR)
  {
    Info.Quantity = 1;             /* got one at least */
  }
  #endif

  /* call output function based on component type */
  switch (Check.Found)
  {
    case COMP_ERROR:
      Show_Error();
      break;

    case COMP_DIODE:
      Show_Diode();
      break;

    case COMP_BJT:
      Show_BJT();
      break;

    case COMP_FET:
      Show_FET();
      break;

    case COMP_IGBT:
      Show_IGBT();
      break;

    case COMP_THYRISTOR:
      Show_ThyristorTriac();
      break;

    case COMP_TRIAC:
      Show_ThyristorTriac();
      break;

    case COMP_PUT:
      Show_PUT();
      break;

    #ifdef SW_UJT
    case COMP_UJT:
      Show_UJT();
      break;
    #endif

    case COMP_RESISTOR:
      Show_Resistor();
      break;

    case COMP_CAPACITOR:
      Show_Capacitor();
      break;

    default:                  /* no component found */
      Show_Fail();
      break;
  }

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COPY
  Display_Serial_Off();            /* disable serial output & NL */
  #endif

  #ifdef SW_SYMBOLS
  /* display fancy pinout for 3-pin semiconductors */
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_BJT)     /* 3-pin semi */
  {
    if (UI.SymbolLine)             /* not zero */
    {
      LCD_FancySemiPinout(UI.SymbolLine);    /* display pinout */
    }
  }
  #endif

  #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
  if (Key == KEY_PROBE)       /* probing by command */
  {
    Display_Serial_Only();              /* switch output to serial */
    Display_EEString_NL(Cmd_OK_str);    /* send: OK & newline */
    Display_LCD_Only();                 /* switch output back to display */

    /* We don't have to restore the next-line mode since it will be 
       changed a few line below anyway. */
  }
  #endif

  #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
  /* component was found */
  if (Check.Found >= COMP_RESISTOR)
  {
    MissedParts = 0;          /* reset counter */
  }
  #endif


  /*
   *  manage cycling and power-off
   */

cycle_control:

  #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
  /* discharge relay: short circuit probes */
                                   /* ADC_PORT should be 0 */
  ADC_DDR = (1 << TP_REF);         /* disable relay */
  #endif

  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  Serial_Ctrl(SER_RX_RESUME);      /* enable TTL serial RX */
  #endif

  UI.LineMode = LINE_STD;          /* reset next-line mode */

  /* wait for key press or timeout */
  #ifdef UI_KEY_HINTS
    Display_LastLine();
    UI.KeyHint = (unsigned char *)Menu_or_Test_str;
    Key = TestKey((uint16_t)CYCLE_DELAY, CURSOR_BLINK | CURSOR_TEXT | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_KEY_TWICE | CHECK_BAT);
  #else
    Key = TestKey((uint16_t)CYCLE_DELAY, CURSOR_BLINK | CHECK_OP_MODE | CHECK_KEY_TWICE | CHECK_BAT);
  #endif

  if (Key == KEY_TIMEOUT)          /* timeout (no key press) */
  {
    /* implies continuous mode */

    #if CYCLE_MAX < 255
    /* check if we reached the maximum number of missed parts in a row */
    if (MissedParts >= CYCLE_MAX)
    {
      Key = KEY_POWER_OFF;         /* signal power off */
    }
    #endif
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_TWICE)       /* two short key presses */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* signal main menu */
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_LONG)        /* long key press */
  {
    Key = KEY_POWER_OFF;           /* signal power off */
  }
  #ifdef HW_KEYS
  else if (Key == KEY_LEFT)        /* rotary encoder: left turn */
  {
    Key = KEY_MAINMENU;            /* signal main menu */
  }
  #endif
  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  else if (Key == KEY_COMMAND)     /* remote command */
  {
    #ifdef UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS
    Key = KEY_NONE;                /* reset key */
    Display_Serial_Only();         /* switch output to serial */
    Test = GetCommand();           /* get command */
    if (Test != CMD_NONE)          /* valid command */
    {
      Key = RunCommand(Test);      /* run command */
    }
    Display_LCD_Only();            /* switch output back to display */

    /* if we got a virtual key perform requested action */
    if (Key != KEY_NONE) goto cycle_action;
    #endif

    goto cycle_control;            /* re-run cycle control */
  }
  #endif

#if defined (UI_SHORT_CIRCUIT_MENU) || defined (UI_SERIAL_COMMANDS)
cycle_action:
#endif

  #ifdef SERIAL_RW
  Serial_Ctrl(SER_RX_PAUSE);       /* disable TTL serial RX */
  /* todo: when we got a locked buffer meanwhile? */
  #endif

  if (Key == KEY_MAINMENU)         /* run main menu */
  {
    #ifdef SAVE_POWER
    /* change sleep mode the Idle to keep timers & other stuff running */
    Test = Cfg.SleepMode;               /* get current mode */
    Cfg.SleepMode = SLEEP_MODE_IDLE;    /* change sleep mode to Idle */
    #endif

    #ifdef HW_DISCHARGE_RELAY
    /* discharge relay: remove short circuit */
    ADC_DDR = 0;                   /* enable relay (via external reference) */
    /* todo: move this to MainMenu()? (after selecting item) */
    #endif

    #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
    /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
    if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
    {
      Cfg.OP_Control &= ~OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;  /* disable power-off timeout */
    }
    #endif

    MainMenu();                    /* enter main menu */

    #ifdef POWER_OFF_TIMEOUT
    /* automatic power-off for auto-hold mode */
    if (Cfg.OP_Mode & OP_AUTOHOLD)        /* in auto-hold mode */
    {
      Cfg.OP_Control |= OP_PWR_TIMEOUT;   /* enable power-off timeout */
    }
    #endif

    #ifdef SAVE_POWER
    /* change sleep mode back */
    Cfg.SleepMode = Test;          /* change sleep mode back */
    #endif

    goto cycle_control;            /* re-run cycle control */
  }
  else if (Key == KEY_POWER_OFF)   /* power off */
  {
    PowerOff();                    /* power off */
  }
  else                             /* default action */
  {
    goto cycle_start;              /* next round */
  }

  return 0;
}



/* ************************************************************************
 *   clean-up of local constants
 * ************************************************************************ */


/* source management */
#undef MAIN_C



/* ************************************************************************
 *   EOF
 * ************************************************************************ */