RFC 7159 and RFC 8259

Created Diff never expires












Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Bray, Ed.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Bray, Ed.
Request for Comments: 8259 Textuality
Request for Comments: 7159 Google, Inc.
Obsoletes: 7159 December 2017
Obsoletes: 4627, 7158 March 2014
Category: Standards Track
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
ISSN: 2070-1721




The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format
The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format


Abstract
Abstract


JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based,
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based,
language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from
language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from
the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small
the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small
set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured
set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured
data.
data.


This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of
This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of
JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based
JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based
interoperability guidance.
interoperability guidance.


Status of This Memo
Status of This Memo


This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This is an Internet Standards Track document.


This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.


Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259.
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159.


































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Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice


Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
document authors. All rights reserved.


This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
described in the Simplified BSD License.


This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
than English.


















































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Table of Contents
Table of Contents


1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................4
1.2. Specifications of JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Specifications of JSON .....................................4
1.3. Introduction to This Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3. Introduction to This Revision ..............................4
2. JSON Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. JSON Grammar ....................................................4
3. Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Values ..........................................................5
4. Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Objects .........................................................6
5. Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Arrays ..........................................................6
6. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Numbers .........................................................6
7. Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Strings .........................................................8
8. String and Character Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. String and Character Issues .....................................9
8.1. Character Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.1. Character Encoding .........................................9
8.2. Unicode Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.2. Unicode Characters .........................................9
8.3. String Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.3. String Comparison ..........................................9
9. Parsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Parsers ........................................................10
10. Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Generators ....................................................10
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. IANA Considerations ...........................................10
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Security Considerations .......................................11
13. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Examples ......................................................12
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Contributors ..................................................13
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. References ....................................................13
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15.1. Normative References .....................................13
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 7159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
15.2. Informative References ...................................13
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4627 .................................15
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


1. Introduction
1. Introduction


JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a text format for the
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a text format for the
serialization of structured data. It is derived from the object
serialization of structured data. It is derived from the object
literals of JavaScript, as defined in the ECMAScript Programming
literals of JavaScript, as defined in the ECMAScript Programming
Language Standard, Third Edition [ECMA-262].
Language Standard, Third Edition [ECMA-262].


JSON can represent four primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans,
JSON can represent four primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans,
and null) and two structured types (objects and arrays).
and null) and two structured types (objects and arrays).


A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters [UNICODE].
A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters [UNICODE].
Note that this citation references the latest version of Unicode
Note that this citation references the latest version of Unicode
rather than a specific release. It is not expected that future
rather than a specific release. It is not expected that future
changes in the Unicode specification will impact the syntax of JSON.
changes in the UNICODE specification will impact the syntax of JSON.


An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value
An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value
pairs, where a name is a string and a value is a string, number,
pairs, where a name is a string and a value is a string, number,
boolean, null, object, or array.
boolean, null, object, or array.


An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.







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The terms "object" and "array" come from the conventions of
The terms "object" and "array" come from the conventions of
JavaScript.
JavaScript.


JSON's design goals were for it to be minimal, portable, textual, and
JSON's design goals were for it to be minimal, portable, textual, and
a subset of JavaScript.
a subset of JavaScript.


1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document


The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.


The grammatical rules in this document are to be interpreted as
The grammatical rules in this document are to be interpreted as
described in [RFC5234].
described in [RFC5234].


1.2. Specifications of JSON
1.2. Specifications of JSON


This document replaces [RFC7159]. [RFC7159] obsoleted [RFC4627],
This document updates [RFC4627], which describes JSON and registers
which originally described JSON and registered the media type
the media type "application/json".
"application/json".


JSON is also described in [ECMA-404].
A description of JSON in ECMAScript terms appears in Version 5.1 of
the ECMAScript specification [ECMA-262], Section 15.12. JSON is also
described in [ECMA-404].


The reference to ECMA-404 in the previous sentence is normative, not
All of the specifications of JSON syntax agree on the syntactic
with the usual meaning that implementors need to consult it in order
elements of the language.
to understand this document, but to emphasize that there are no
inconsistencies in the definition of the term "JSON text" in any of
its specifications. Note, however, that ECMA-404 allows several
practices that this specification recommends avoiding in the
interests of maximal interoperability.

The intent is that the grammar is the same between the two documents,
although different descriptions are used. If there is a difference
found between them, ECMA and the IETF will work together to update
both documents.

If an error is found with either document, the other should be
examined to see if it has a similar error; if it does, it should be
fixed, if possible.

If either document is changed in the future, ECMA and the IETF will
work together to ensure that the two documents stay aligned through
the change.






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1.3. Introduction to This Revision
1.3. Introduction to This Revision


In the years since the publication of RFC 4627, JSON has found very
In the years since the publication of RFC 4627, JSON has found very
wide use. This experience has revealed certain patterns that, while
wide use. This experience has revealed certain patterns, which,
allowed by its specifications, have caused interoperability problems.
while allowed by its specifications, have caused interoperability
problems.


Also, a small number of errata have been reported regarding RFC 4627
Also, a small number of errata have been reported (see RFC Errata IDs
(see RFC Errata IDs 607 [Err607] and 3607 [Err3607]) and regarding
607 [Err607] and 3607 [Err3607]).
RFC 7159 (see RFC Errata IDs 3915 [Err3915], 4264 [Err4264], 4336
[Err4336], and 4388 [Err4388]).


This document's goal is to apply the errata, remove inconsistencies
This document's goal is to apply the errata, remove inconsistencies
with other specifications of JSON, and highlight practices that can
with other specifications of JSON, and highlight practices that can
lead to interoperability problems.
lead to interoperability problems.


2. JSON Grammar
2. JSON Grammar


A JSON text is a sequence of tokens. The set of tokens includes six
A JSON text is a sequence of tokens. The set of tokens includes six
structural characters, strings, numbers, and three literal names.
structural characters, strings, numbers, and three literal names.


A JSON text is a serialized value. Note that certain previous
A JSON text is a serialized value. Note that certain previous
specifications of JSON constrained a JSON text to be an object or an
specifications of JSON constrained a JSON text to be an object or an



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array. Implementations that generate only objects or arrays where a
array. Implementations that generate only objects or arrays where a
JSON text is called for will be interoperable in the sense that all
JSON text is called for will be interoperable in the sense that all
implementations will accept these as conforming JSON texts.
implementations will accept these as conforming JSON texts.


JSON-text = ws value ws
JSON-text = ws value ws


These are the six structural characters:
These are the six structural characters:


begin-array = ws %x5B ws ; [ left square bracket
begin-array = ws %x5B ws ; [ left square bracket


begin-object = ws %x7B ws ; { left curly bracket
begin-object = ws %x7B ws ; { left curly bracket


end-array = ws %x5D ws ; ] right square bracket
end-array = ws %x5D ws ; ] right square bracket


end-object = ws %x7D ws ; } right curly bracket
end-object = ws %x7D ws ; } right curly bracket


name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; : colon
name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; : colon


value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , comma
value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , comma











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Insignificant whitespace is allowed before or after any of the six
Insignificant whitespace is allowed before or after any of the six
structural characters.
structural characters.


ws = *(
ws = *(
%x20 / ; Space
%x20 / ; Space
%x09 / ; Horizontal tab
%x09 / ; Horizontal tab
%x0A / ; Line feed or New line
%x0A / ; Line feed or New line
%x0D ) ; Carriage return
%x0D ) ; Carriage return


3. Values
3. Values


A JSON value MUST be an object, array, number, or string, or one of
A JSON value MUST be an object, array, number, or string, or one of
the following three literal names:
the following three literal names:


false
false null true
null
true


The literal names MUST be lowercase. No other literal names are
The literal names MUST be lowercase. No other literal names are
allowed.
allowed.


value = false / null / true / object / array / number / string
value = false / null / true / object / array / number / string


false = %x66.61.6c.73.65 ; false
false = %x66.61.6c.73.65 ; false


null = %x6e.75.6c.6c ; null
null = %x6e.75.6c.6c ; null


true = %x74.72.75.65 ; true
true = %x74.72.75.65 ; true






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4. Objects
4. Objects


An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets
An object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets
surrounding zero or more name/value pairs (or members). A name is a
surrounding zero or more name/value pairs (or members). A name is a
string. A single colon comes after each name, separating the name
string. A single colon comes after each name, separating the name
from the value. A single comma separates a value from a following
from the value. A single comma separates a value from a following
name. The names within an object SHOULD be unique.
name. The names within an object SHOULD be unique.


object = begin-object [ member *( value-separator member ) ]
object = begin-object [ member *( value-separator member ) ]
end-object
end-object


member = string name-separator value
member = string name-separator value


An object whose names are all unique is interoperable in the sense
An object whose names are all unique is interoperable in the sense
that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
the name-value mappings. When the names within an object are not
the name-value mappings. When the names within an object are not
unique, the behavior of software that receives such an object is
unique, the behavior of software that receives such an object is
unpredictable. Many implementations report the last name/value pair
unpredictable. Many implementations report the last name/value pair
only. Other implementations report an error or fail to parse the
only. Other implementations report an error or fail to parse the



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object, and some implementations report all of the name/value pairs,
object, and some implementations report all of the name/value pairs,
including duplicates.
including duplicates.


JSON parsing libraries have been observed to differ as to whether or
JSON parsing libraries have been observed to differ as to whether or
not they make the ordering of object members visible to calling
not they make the ordering of object members visible to calling
software. Implementations whose behavior does not depend on member
software. Implementations whose behavior does not depend on member
ordering will be interoperable in the sense that they will not be
ordering will be interoperable in the sense that they will not be
affected by these differences.
affected by these differences.


5. Arrays
5. Arrays


An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
An array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero
or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas.
or more values (or elements). Elements are separated by commas.


array = begin-array [ value *( value-separator value ) ] end-array
array = begin-array [ value *( value-separator value ) ] end-array


There is no requirement that the values in an array be of the same
There is no requirement that the values in an array be of the same
type.
type.


6. Numbers
6. Numbers


The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using
programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using
decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be
decimal digits. It contains an integer component that may be
prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may be followed by a
prefixed with an optional minus sign, which may be followed by a
fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not
fraction part and/or an exponent part. Leading zeros are not
allowed.
allowed.


A fraction part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits.
A fraction part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits.


An exponent part begins with the letter E in uppercase or lowercase,


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An exponent part begins with the letter E in upper or lower case,
which may be followed by a plus or minus sign. The E and optional
which may be followed by a plus or minus sign. The E and optional
sign are followed by one or more digits.
sign are followed by one or more digits.


Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such
Numeric values that cannot be represented in the grammar below (such
as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.
as Infinity and NaN) are not permitted.


number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]
number = [ minus ] int [ frac ] [ exp ]


decimal-point = %x2E ; .
decimal-point = %x2E ; .


digit1-9 = %x31-39 ; 1-9
digit1-9 = %x31-39 ; 1-9


e = %x65 / %x45 ; e E
e = %x65 / %x45 ; e E


exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT
exp = e [ minus / plus ] 1*DIGIT


frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT
frac = decimal-point 1*DIGIT




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int = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )
int = zero / ( digit1-9 *DIGIT )


minus = %x2D ; -
minus = %x2D ; -


plus = %x2B ; +
plus = %x2B ; +


zero = %x30 ; 0
zero = %x30 ; 0


This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range
This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range
and precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements
and precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements
IEEE 754 binary64 (double precision) numbers [IEEE754] is generally
IEEE 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers [IEEE754] is
available and widely used, good interoperability can be achieved by
generally available and widely used, good interoperability can be
implementations that expect no more precision or range than these
achieved by implementations that expect no more precision or range
provide, in the sense that implementations will approximate JSON
than these provide, in the sense that implementations will
numbers within the expected precision. A JSON number such as 1E400
approximate JSON numbers within the expected precision. A JSON
or 3.141592653589793238462643383279 may indicate potential
number such as 1E400 or 3.141592653589793238462643383279 may indicate
interoperability problems, since it suggests that the software that
potential interoperability problems, since it suggests that the
created it expects receiving software to have greater capabilities
software that created it expects receiving software to have greater
for numeric magnitude and precision than is widely available.
capabilities for numeric magnitude and precision than is widely
available.


Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and
Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and
are in the range [-(2**53)+1, (2**53)-1] are interoperable in the
are in the range [-(2**53)+1, (2**53)-1] are interoperable in the
sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric
sense that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric
values.
values.








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7. Strings
7. Strings


The representation of strings is similar to conventions used in the C
The representation of strings is similar to conventions used in the C
family of programming languages. A string begins and ends with
family of programming languages. A string begins and ends with
quotation marks. All Unicode characters may be placed within the
quotation marks. All Unicode characters may be placed within the
quotation marks, except for the characters that MUST be escaped:
quotation marks, except for the characters that must be escaped:
quotation mark, reverse solidus, and the control characters (U+0000
quotation mark, reverse solidus, and the control characters (U+0000
through U+001F).
through U+001F).


Any character may be escaped. If the character is in the Basic
Any character may be escaped. If the character is in the Basic
Multilingual Plane (U+0000 through U+FFFF), then it may be
Multilingual Plane (U+0000 through U+FFFF), then it may be
represented as a six-character sequence: a reverse solidus, followed
represented as a six-character sequence: a reverse solidus, followed
by the lowercase letter u, followed by four hexadecimal digits that
by the lowercase letter u, followed by four hexadecimal digits that
encode the character's code point. The hexadecimal letters A through
encode the character's code point. The hexadecimal letters A though
F can be uppercase or lowercase. So, for example, a string
F can be upper or lower case. So, for example, a string containing
containing only a single reverse solidus character may be represented
only a single reverse solidus character may be represented as
as "\u005C".
"\u005C".


Alternatively, there are two-character sequence escape
Alternatively, there are two-character sequence escape
representations of some popular characters. So, for example, a
representations of some popular characters. So, for example, a
string containing only a single reverse solidus character may be
string containing only a single reverse solidus character may be
represented more compactly as "\\".
represented more compactly as "\\".





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To escape an extended character that is not in the Basic Multilingual
To escape an extended character that is not in the Basic Multilingual
Plane, the character is represented as a 12-character sequence,
Plane, the character is represented as a 12-character sequence,
encoding the UTF-16 surrogate pair. So, for example, a string
encoding the UTF-16 surrogate pair. So, for example, a string
containing only the G clef character (U+1D11E) may be represented as
containing only the G clef character (U+1D11E) may be represented as
"\uD834\uDD1E".
"\uD834\uDD1E".


string = quotation-mark *char quotation-mark
string = quotation-mark *char quotation-mark


char = unescaped /
char = unescaped /
escape (
escape (
%x22 / ; " quotation mark U+0022
%x22 / ; " quotation mark U+0022
%x5C / ; \ reverse solidus U+005C
%x5C / ; \ reverse solidus U+005C
%x2F / ; / solidus U+002F
%x2F / ; / solidus U+002F
%x62 / ; b backspace U+0008
%x62 / ; b backspace U+0008
%x66 / ; f form feed U+000C
%x66 / ; f form feed U+000C
%x6E / ; n line feed U+000A
%x6E / ; n line feed U+000A
%x72 / ; r carriage return U+000D
%x72 / ; r carriage return U+000D
%x74 / ; t tab U+0009
%x74 / ; t tab U+0009
%x75 4HEXDIG ) ; uXXXX U+XXXX
%x75 4HEXDIG ) ; uXXXX U+XXXX


escape = %x5C ; \
escape = %x5C ; \


quotation-mark = %x22 ; "
quotation-mark = %x22 ; "


unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF
unescaped = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-10FFFF


8. String and Character Issues


8.1. Character Encoding


JSON text exchanged between systems that are not part of a closed
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ecosystem MUST be encoded using UTF-8 [RFC3629].
RFC 7159 JSON March 2014


Previous specifications of JSON have not required the use of UTF-8
when transmitting JSON text. However, the vast majority of JSON-
based software implementations have chosen to use the UTF-8 encoding,
to the extent that it is the only encoding that achieves
interoperability.


Implementations MUST NOT add a byte order mark (U+FEFF) to the
8. String and Character Issues
beginning of a networked-transmitted JSON text. In the interests of
interoperability, implementations that parse JSON texts MAY ignore
the presence of a byte order mark rather than treating it as an
error.


8.1. Character Encoding



JSON text SHALL be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32. The default

encoding is UTF-8, and JSON texts that are encoded in UTF-8 are

interoperable in the sense that they will be read successfully by the
maximum number of implementations; there are many implementations
that cannot successfully read texts in other encodings (such as
UTF-16 and UTF-32).



Implementations MUST NOT add a byte order mark to the beginning of a
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JSON text. In the interests of interoperability, implementations
that parse JSON texts MAY ignore the presence of a byte order mark
RFC 8259 JSON December 2017
rather than treating it as an error.



8.2. Unicode Characters
8.2. Unicode Characters


When all the strings represented in a JSON text are composed entirely
When all the strings represented in a JSON text are composed entirely
of Unicode characters [UNICODE] (however escaped), then that JSON
of Unicode characters [UNICODE] (however escaped), then that JSON
text is interoperable in the sense that all software implementations
text is interoperable in the sense that all software implementations
that parse it will agree on the contents of names and of string
that parse it will agree on the contents of names and of string
values in objects and arrays.
values in objects and arrays.


However, the ABNF in this specification allows member names and
However, the ABNF in this specification allows member names and
string values to contain bit sequences that cannot encode Unicode
string values to contain bit sequences that cannot encode Unicode
characters; for example, "\uDEAD" (a single unpaired UTF-16
characters; for example, "\uDEAD" (a single unpaired UTF-16
surrogate). Instances of this have been observed, for example, when
surrogate). Instances of this have been observed, for example, when
a library truncates a UTF-16 string without checking whether the
a library truncates a UTF-16 string without checking whether the
truncation split a surrogate pair. The behavior of software that
truncation split a surrogate pair. The behavior of software that
receives JSON texts containing such values is unpredictable; for
receives JSON texts containing such values is unpredictable; for
example, implementations might return different values for the length
example, implementations might return different values for the length
of a string value or even suffer fatal runtime exceptions.
of a string value or even suffer fatal runtime exceptions.


8.3. String Comparison
8.3. String Comparison


Software implementations are typically required to test names of
Software implementations are typically required to test names of
object members for equality. Implementations that transform the
object members for equality. Implementations that transform the
textual representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then
textual representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then
perform the comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are
perform the comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are
interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree in all
interoperable in the sense that implementations will agree in all
cases on equality or inequality of two strings. For example,
cases on equality or inequality of two strings. For example,
implementations that compare strings with escaped characters
implementations that compare strings with escaped characters
unconverted may incorrectly find that "a\\b" and "a\u005Cb" are not
unconverted may incorrectly find that "a\\b" and "a\u005Cb" are not
equal.
equal.







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9. Parsers
9. Parsers


A JSON parser transforms a JSON text into another representation. A
A JSON parser transforms a JSON text into another representation. A
JSON parser MUST accept all texts that conform to the JSON grammar.
JSON parser MUST accept all texts that conform to the JSON grammar.
A JSON parser MAY accept non-JSON forms or extensions.
A JSON parser MAY accept non-JSON forms or extensions.


An implementation may set limits on the size of texts that it
An implementation may set limits on the size of texts that it
accepts. An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of
accepts. An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of
nesting. An implementation may set limits on the range and precision
nesting. An implementation may set limits on the range and precision
of numbers. An implementation may set limits on the length and
of numbers. An implementation may set limits on the length and
character contents of strings.
character contents of strings.


10. Generators
10. Generators


A JSON generator produces JSON text. The resulting text MUST
A JSON generator produces JSON text. The resulting text MUST
strictly conform to the JSON grammar.
strictly conform to the JSON grammar.






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11. IANA Considerations
11. IANA Considerations


The media type for JSON text is application/json.
The MIME media type for JSON text is application/json.


Type name: application
Type name: application


Subtype name: json
Subtype name: json


Required parameters: n/a
Required parameters: n/a


Optional parameters: n/a
Optional parameters: n/a


Encoding considerations: binary
Encoding considerations: binary


Security considerations: See RFC 8259, Section 12
Security considerations: See [RFC7159], Section 12.


Interoperability considerations: Described in RFC 8259
Interoperability considerations: Described in [RFC7159]


Published specification: RFC 8259
Published specification: [RFC7159]


Applications that use this media type:
Applications that use this media type:
JSON has been used to exchange data between applications written
JSON has been used to exchange data between applications written
in all of these programming languages: ActionScript, C, C#,
in all of these programming languages: ActionScript, C, C#,
Clojure, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, E, Erlang, Go, Java, JavaScript,
Clojure, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, E, Erlang, Go, Java, JavaScript,
Lua, Objective CAML, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scala, and
Lua, Objective CAML, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scala, and
Scheme.
Scheme.









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Additional information:
Additional information:
Magic number(s): n/a
Magic number(s): n/a
File extension(s): .json
File extension(s): .json
Macintosh file type code(s): TEXT
Macintosh file type code(s): TEXT


Person & email address to contact for further information:
Person & email address to contact for further information:
IESG
IESG
<iesg@ietf.org>
<iesg@ietf.org>


Intended usage: COMMON
Intended usage: COMMON


Restrictions on usage: none
Restrictions on usage: none


Author:
Author:
Douglas Crockford
Douglas Crockford
<douglas@crockford.com>
<douglas@crockford.com>


Change controller:
Change controller:
IESG
IESG
<iesg@ietf.org>
<iesg@ietf.org>




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RFC 8259 JSON December 2017



Note: No "charset" parameter is defined for this registration.
Note: No "charset" parameter is defined for this registration.
Adding one really has no effect on compliant recipients.
Adding one really has no effect on compliant recipients.


12. Security Considerations
12. Security Considerations


Generally, there are security issues with scripting languages. JSON
Generally, there are security issues with scripting languages. JSON
is a subset of JavaScript but excludes assignment and invocation.
is a subset of JavaScript but excludes assignment and invocation.


Since JSON's syntax is borrowed from JavaScript, it is possible to
Since JSON's syntax is borrowed from JavaScript, it is possible to
use that language's "eval()" function to parse most JSON texts (but
use that language's "eval()" function to parse JSON texts. This
not all; certain characters such as U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029
PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR are legal in JSON but not JavaScript). This
generally constitutes an unacceptable security risk, since the text
generally constitutes an unacceptable security risk, since the text
could contain executable code along with data declarations. The same
could contain executable code along with data declarations. The same
consideration applies to the use of eval()-like functions in any
consideration applies to the use of eval()-like functions in any
other programming language in which JSON texts conform to that
other programming language in which JSON texts conform to that
language's syntax.
language's syntax.
















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13. Examples
13. Examples


This is a JSON object:
This is a JSON object:


{
{
"Image": {
"Image": {
"Width": 800,
"Width": 800,
"Height": 600,
"Height": 600,
"Title": "View from 15th Floor",
"Title": "View from 15th Floor",
"Thumbnail": {
"Thumbnail": {
"Url": "http://www.example.com/image/481989943",
"Url": "http://www.example.com/image/481989943",
"Height": 125,
"Height": 125,
"Width": 100
"Width": 100
},
},
"Animated" : false,
"Animated" : false,
"IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]
"IDs": [116, 943, 234, 38793]
}
}
}
}


Its Image member is an object whose Thumbnail member is an object and
Its Image member is an object whose Thumbnail member is an object and
whose IDs member is an array of numbers.
whose IDs member is an array of numbers.













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This is a JSON array containing two objects:
This is a JSON array containing two objects:


[
[
{
{
"precision": "zip",
"precision": "zip",
"Latitude": 37.7668,
"Latitude": 37.7668,
"Longitude": -122.3959,
"Longitude": -122.3959,
"Address": "",
"Address": "",
"City": "SAN FRANCISCO",
"City": "SAN FRANCISCO",
"State": "CA",
"State": "CA",
"Zip": "94107",
"Zip": "94107",
"Country": "US"
"Country": "US"
},
},
{
{
"precision": "zip",
"precision": "zip",
"Latitude": 37.371991,
"Latitude": 37.371991,
"Longitude": -122.026020,
"Longitude": -122.026020,
"Address": "",
"Address": "",
"City": "SUNNYVALE",
"City": "SUNNYVALE",
"State": "CA",
"State": "CA",
"Zip": "94085",
"Zip": "94085",
"Country": "US"
"Country": "US"
}
}
]
]






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Here are three small JSON texts containing only values:
Here are three small JSON texts containing only values:


"Hello world!"
"Hello world!"


42
42


true
true

14. Contributors

RFC 4627 was written by Douglas Crockford. This document was
constructed by making a relatively small number of changes to that
document; thus, the vast majority of the text here is his.

15. References

15.1. Normative References

[IEEE754] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic", IEEE
Standard 754, August 2008,
<http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
<http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.

15.2. Informative References

[ECMA-262] Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification
Edition 5.1", Standard ECMA-262, June 2011,
<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/
Ecma-262.htm>.

[ECMA-404] Ecma International, "The JSON Data Interchange Format",
Standard ECMA-404, October 2013,
<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/
Ecma-404.htm>.

[Err3607] RFC Errata, Errata ID 3607, RFC 3607,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org>.






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RFC 7159 JSON March 2014


[Err607] RFC Errata, Errata ID 607, RFC 607,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org>.

[RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.










































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RFC 7159 JSON March 2014




14. References
Appendix A. Changes from RFC 4627


14.1. Normative References
This section lists changes between this document and the text in RFC
4627.


[ECMA-404] Ecma International, "The JSON Data Interchange Format",
o Changed the title and abstract of the document.
Standard ECMA-404,
<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/
standards/Ecma-404.htm>.


[IEEE754] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic",
o Changed the reference to [UNICODE] to be not version specific.
IEEE 754.


[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
o Added a "Specifications of JSON" section.
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.


[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
o Added an "Introduction to This Revision" section.
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November

2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3629>.
o Changed the definition of "JSON text" so that it can be any JSON
value, removing the constraint that it be an object or array.

o Added language about duplicate object member names, member
ordering, and interoperability.


[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.


[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity